PG+6

were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures resolved to not abide by Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the Acts were unconstitutional and therefore void, and in doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. They were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively. [] ROW
 * 76. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions:**

The role of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the writing of the resolutions was not known until 25 years later. Because the federal government came from a compact between the states, the individual states or the people were granted the power not granted to the central authorit  y. The resolution was meant to allow states the power to ignore federal laws that they think are unconstitutional. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630019/Virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions (Barton)

Federalists were supporters of the proposed Constitution. This name implied a commitment to a loose, decentralized system of government, for they were aware that that the problems of the country in the 1780s stemmed from the weaknesses of the central government created by the Articles of Confederation. For Federalists, Constitution required in order to safeguard the liberty and independence that the American Revolution had created. Most significantly, the Federalists believed that the greatest threat to the future of the United States did not lie in the abuse of central power, but instead could be found in what they saw as the excesses of democracy as evidenced in popular disturbances like Shays' Rebellion and the pro-debtor policies of many states. Some famous federalists included John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Bejanmin Franklin, George Washington and James Madison. (http://www.ushistory.org/us/16a.as) - CO
 * 77. Federalists:**


 * 78. Anti-Federalists:** The Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution. They were a diverse group of people, but less organized than the Federalists. The Anti-Federalists had impressive people supporting them including James Winthrop, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and James Monroe. They had strength in the newly settled western parts of the country. Anti-Federalists shared a core view of politics, and they felt the biggest threat to the America's future was the government's potential to become corrupt and seize more power until becoming a tyranny. They didn't agree with the new Constitution because they felt it would lead to corruption and had very strong views on the three branches of government. They thought the new presidential powers were disturbing, and the court system would encroach on local courts. They felt that because the lower legislative house (House of Representatives) was so small, only the elite would be elected, and people from bigger states wouldn't know everyone's opinion. The Constituion also caused them to fear oppresive taxes from Congress. The Anti-Federalists central opposition was the rise of national power at the expense of state power. They were also very concerned with the lack of protection for individual rights in the Constitution. Although the Constitution ultimately was passed, the Bill of Rights and amendments were added to make the Anti-Federalists happy. (KE)

The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles or essays advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the essays were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called The Federalist; or, The New Constitution, was published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean. [] ROW
 * 79. Federalist Papers:**

One of the methods Alexander Hamilton suggested to get the nation out of debt was the assumption of state debt. In this plan, he proposed that the federal government pay off all state debts at full value. In order to carry this plan through, Hamilton created security bonds where investors could invest in public securities in order to make an enormous profit. This plan was met with resentment in some states because several states, such as Virginia, had already paid off their war debts.
 * 80. Assumption Scheme:**

Conflicts also arose because Hamilton's elitist policies favored the profit of investors, merchants, and the wealthy. Thomas Jefferson expressed his opposition to the plan for he favored policies which were geared more towards the profit of farmers. Even though Jefferson disliked the idea, the men came to a compromise: Jefferson went along with Hamilton's funding plan and, in return, the nation's capital would be moved to the banks of the Potomac River. //**Mediavilla**// [] [] []

Alexander Hamilton was chosen to be the secretary of treasury in George Washington's cabinet. As the head of treasury, Hamilton sought for a way to decrease the large amount of debt that resulted from the costly Revolutionary War. In 1790, Hamilton proposed the creation of a Bank of the United States. This bank would be modeled after the Bank of England and would serve as a method of standardizing American currency.
 * 81. Bank of the U.S.**

Hamilton's plan for the Bank of the U.S. met much opposition because many believed it would fall under the influence of wealthy northeasterners and overseas speculators. Thomas Jefferson was one of these who sided against the creation of a Bank of the U.S. for he believed that the establishment of such an institution went beyond the power that the Constitution gave to the federal government. The legislature was also torn over the issue for many representatives from the north voted in favor of a bank, whereas those from the south did not. Nothern representatives supported the institution because it would profit large cities, merchants, and major financial institutions which were commonly found in northern states. However, the bank would not benefit the southern states which were mainly centered around agriculture.

Despite the controversy, the Bank was chartered by Congress on February 25th, 1791. The charter was set to expire in 20 years. During James Madison's presidency in 1811, the charter expired and a renewal of the charter failed to pass in the House of Representatives in a 65 to 64 vote. However, in 1816, Madison revived the charter in the form of the Second Bank of the United States. //**Mediavilla**// [] [] []

Was a tax protest in Pennsylvania in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. The conflict was rooted in western dissatisfaction with a 1791 excise tax on whiskey. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to centralize and fund the national debt. From the national perspective the issue was how laws passed by the Congress would be enforced. [] ** ROW **
 * 82. Whiskey Rebellion:**

Citizen Genet was ambassador of the French revolutionary regime when he came to the US in 1793. Genet’s mission to America was to enlist American privateers to wage war upon the British. However, George Washington told him that this was in violation of American neutrality and denounced all attempts by Genet to drag America into the war between Britain and France. Genet’s ignored Washington, and the French government sent a letter of rebuk to Genet. Fearing for his life, Genet request asylum and he spent the rest of his long life in America in New York state as a gentleman farmer, marrying a daughter of Governor Clinton and becoming a naturalized American citizen. (http://almostchosenpeople.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/citizen-genet-the-undiplomatic-diplomat/)- CO
 * 83. Citizen Genet:** French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834) ROW []

a treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war, solving many issues left over from the American Revolution and the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and opening ten or more years of mostly peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars that had began in 1793. Historian John Herring pointed to the "remarkable and fortuitous economic and diplomatic gains" produced by the Jay Treaty. The terms of Jay's Treaty were designed primarily by the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, with strong support from President George Washington, and the chief negotiator, John Jay. ROW []
 * 84. Jay's Treaty:**

was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. The treaty's full title is Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation between Spain and the United States. Thomas Pinckney negotiated the treaty for the United States and Don Manuel de Godoy represented Spain. Among other things, it ended the first phase of the West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida. ROW [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinckney's_Treaty]
 * 85. Pinckney's Treaty:**

By 1800, the American people were ready for a change. Under Washington and Adams, the Federalists had established a strong government. They sometimes failed, however, to honor the principle that the American government must be responsive to the will of the people. They had followed policies that alienated large groups. For example, in 1798 they enacted a tax on houses, land and slaves, affecting every property owner in the country. Jefferson had steadily gathered behind him a great mass of small farmers, shopkeepers and other workers; they asserted themselves in the election of 1800. Jefferson enjoyed extraordinary favor because of his appeal to American idealism. In his inaugural address, the first such speech in the new capital of Washington, D.C., he promised "a wise and frugal government" to preserve order among the inhabitants, but would "leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry, and improvement." Jefferson's mere presence in The White House encouraged democratic behavior. White House guests were encouraged to shake hands with the president, rather than bowing as had been the Federalist practice. Guests at state dinners were seated at round tables, which emphasized a sense of equality. He taught his subordinates to regard themselves merely as trustees of the people. He encouraged agriculture and westward expansion. Believing America to be a haven for the oppressed, he urged a liberal naturalization law. []
 * 86. Revolution of 1800:**
 * ROW**


 * 87. Aaron Burr:** United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836) ROW []

Aaron Burr was the Republican vice president candidate from New York in the election of 1800. He was a former senator and rival of Alexander Hamilton in law and politics. Because the electoral college could not come to a majority vote, the House of Representatives had to determine whether Burr or Thomas Jefferson would become president. After much deliberation, Jefferson was named president and Burr was named vice president. The Essex Junto of New England hoped to add New York to its plan of secession, so they began supporting vice president Burr. Burr did not promise New York would secede with New England, but he convinced them enough to gain their support. During the vice presidency, Burr sought a secession of the western part of the US from the union. Burr tried to buy the help of the British, but the British did not fall into the scheme. Burr joined with the Louisiana territory governor, General James Wilkinson, in 1806 and built up a small army at Blennerhassett Island on the Ohio River. About six dozen men began traveling down the river to New Orleans under Burr's command, but at the last minute, Wilkinson betrayed Burr to Jefferson. The plan was halted and Burr was captured and brought to trial, but found not guilty because there was not enough evidence. Before the scheme, Burr remained in opposition to Hamilton. Hamilton called Burr "an embryo Caeser" and the rivalry ended in a duel where Burr shot and killed Hamilton. Garrity Text Chapter 6 (Barton)


 * 88. Midnight Appointments:**

The Midnight Appointments were a result of the Midnight Judges Act or the Judiciary Act of 1801. This act doubled the number of circuit courts from three to six which created a large number of Judge's seats to fill. These judges became know as the Midnight Judges or the Midnight Appointments because John Addams is rumored to have signed them in at midnight prior the President Thomas Jefferson's inauguration. Since Jefferson was from the Democratic- Republican party Adams used the oppritunity to fill the court system with federalist judges. [|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act**] **Grace Crowe**

a term of periodization used by political scientists and historians to describe the political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party (created by Alexander Hamilton) and the Democratic-Republican Party (created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison). []
 * 89. First Party System:**
 * ROW**

(August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area bounded on the south by the Ohio River, on the west by the Mississippi River, and on the northeast by the Great Lakes). The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. []
 * 90.Battle of Fallen Timbers:**
 * ROW**

**PG 7**