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__**1. "City Upon A Hill":**__ the ideology of the Puritans’ purpose in the New World. They believed that they were to provide the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with a model of what they should strive to become. Governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, John Winthrop, said this phrase and that the Puritans should be an example for the rest of the world, because all eyes were upon them. //Source//: []

__**2. "The elect":**__ in Puritan belief, anyone who was saved by God and had a conversion. The elect possessed a special status and special privileges. They were the only ones who could be members of the Church and were seen as “living saints.” //Sources//: []

__**3. “covenant”:**__ Puritan society revolved around this idea that they had a special relationship with God. The idea of “mutual responsibilities” that the covenant entailed worked its way into all aspects on Puritan life, including government and marriage. //Source:// []

__**4. “Visible saints”:**__ people in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who experienced conversion. Also known as “the elect”, these people were the only ones who could serve as Church members and were supposed to provide an example for how everyone else should live. //Source:// [] __**5. The Great Awakening:**__ a religious movement that began in the 1730s and swept through the American colonies. During this “awakening”, people sought to repent for their sins because of the emotional sermons that ministers were giving. Because the Great Awakening was an event that all the colonies had in common, it created equality and was a precursor to the Revolution. //Source:// []

In the landmark Mayflower Compact of 1620, the Pilgrims decided that they would rule themselves, based on majority rule of the townsmen. This independent attitude set up a tradition of self-rule that would later lead to town meetings and elected legislatures in New England. Like the Virginia House of Burgesses established the previous year, Plymouth colony began to lay the foundation for democracy in the American colonies. ([]) ROW
 * __6. Mayflower Compact:__**

__**7. John Winthrop:**__

John Winthrop was a minister who, before leaving Europe for America with Separatists, delivered the sermon // A Model of Chirstian Charity // to the people. His sermon set out the ideals of a harmonious Christian community. He reminded those on board that they would stand as an example to the world either of the triumph or the failure of this Christian enterprise .- CO  Winthrop had an idealistic view as governor of Massachusetts that his colony would be noticed by others in a positive light. "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." ([]). (12 January 1588– 26 March 1649) obtained a royal charter, along with other wealthy Puritans, from King Charles I for the Massachusetts Bay Company and led a group of English Puritans to the New World in 1630. ([]) ROW

__**8. Roger Williams:**__ In the 1630's, Roger Williams founded the first Baptist church in America. Roger was born in London England and was raised raised in the Episcopal church. He became dissatisfied with his church's ritual and ceremony, so he became a Puritan. In America, Williams preached in Boston and Plymouth, Massachussetts where he taught complete religious freedom and separation of church and state. Williams did missionary work among the Indians in Narragansett Bay after he was driven from Salem, Massachussetts for his convictions of teaching complete separation of church and state and religious freedom. It was in Narragansett Bay in which he founded the settlement of Providence, Rhode Island where he served as governor from 1654-1657. Under Roger Williams' leadership, Rhode Island was the first colony in the New World that established total reliogious liberty for all men. **MMARSHALL**

__**9. Thomas Hooker:**__ In 1636, Thomas Hooker, a Cambridge, Massachusetts minister, established Hartford, the first English settlement in Connecticut. Opposed to the link between government and state, he extended voting rights beyond church members.

__**10. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:**__ Created in 1639 by the citizens of Connecticut, this document was the first written constitution in the Western hemisphere. It had no reference to any ruling power or government outside of Connecticut (it never named Britain as the ruling power), calling only for an elected governor and two-house legislature. It also did not limit voting to Puritan members only. It would later become a model for other colonial charters and state constitutions. http://www.constitution.org/bcp/fo_1639.htm

__**11. Massachusetts School Law:**__ In 1642, the Massachusetts Bay Colony created laws to insure that all children were taught to read and write the Bible and laws of the land. However, the government became concerned that families were forgoing the teaching of the Bible, and teaching their children mainland laws and farming skills. To counteract this, they created a law in 1647 that made every community holding 50 or more families have a tax-supported school. The schools main goals were to teach Scripture and writing to the children. This was the early beginning of state supported, public school systems. []

__**12. Patriarchy:**__ the organization of a society in which the father, or any male, is the head of the household. //Source:// []

__**13. Harvard:**__ Many Puritan leaders had attended Cambridge University in England, and saw the need for a University for the continuation of higher education and to train clergy for the commonwealth. So in 1636, Harvard University (named after its first benefactor) was opened, offering classic academic courses based on English university models but had a prevailing Puritan philosophy. Early on, it was primarily a school to teach clergymen or Puritan ministers but the percentage of graduation ministers gradually decreased over time. http://www.christianhistorytimeline.com/DAILYF/2003/10/daily-10-28-2003.shtml

__**14. Maryland Act of Toleration:**__ The Maryland Act of Toleration, also referred to as the Act Concerning Religion, was passed on September 21, 1649 by Maryland colonists that mandated religious toleration. The assembly sought to provide acceptance and freedom for the religiously diverse groups that settled in Maryland. Although the act did issue religious toleration to all Christians, it condemned anyone who doubted the divinty of Jesus. The act had many limitations, and colonists were not completely free to practice their religions. The colony, although founded by a Catholic, was predominantly Protestant. In 1654, the law was revoked by William Claiborne, a member of the Anglican Church. It was reinstated in 1658, but was permanently repealed in 1692. Although the law was very restriciting and oppressing, it did make way for religious freedom in America. 

__**15. Town meetings:**__ during pre-revolutionary times, town meetings provided colonists with ways to discuss problems with one another. The Boston Patriots and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty are known for having town meetings that caused people to distrust the British and work for self-rule. //Sources:// [], []

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