PG+19

The Sand Creek Massacre an incident in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Indians, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated a National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service. **Maschler** []
 * 301: Sand Creek massacre:**

John Milton Chivington (January 27, 1821 – October 4, 1894) was a 19th century United States Army officer noted for his role in the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War and in the Colorado War. He was celebrated as the hero of the 1862 Battle of Glorieta Pass against a Confederate supply train. Later he became infamous for his role in leading the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre of about 150 peacefully encamped Cheyenne and Arapaho, mostly women and children. He was also a member of the Freemasons, and the Masonic Square and Compass is featured prominently on his headstone. **Maschler**
 * 302: Colonel J. M. Chivington:**

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//Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281868%29// **Barton**
 * 303: Fort Laramie Treaty 1868:** The treaty, also known as the Sioux Treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota people, giving the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and other hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. This treaty ended Red Cloud's War. The Treaty was also made to "ensure the civilization" of the Lakota, provide financial incentives for them to farm land and become competitive, and that minors should be provided with an "English education" at a "mission building." White teachers, blacksmiths, a farmer, a miller, a carpenter, an engineer and a government agent moved within the reservation to help "Americanize" the Indians.

//Source: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h234.html// **Barton**
 * 304: Indian Ring:** The Indian Ring was one of the scandals during Grant's presidency. Grant's Secretary of War, William Belknap, accepted bribes from companies with licenses to trade on many Native American tribe reservations. The House of Representatives impeached Belknap for his actions, the Senate acquitted him in 1876.

General George Armstrong Custer was a famous Civil War soldier. He is most notoriously known for the Little Bighorn Fight in 1876 where Custer planned a three part attack against the local Native American tribes, who were lead into battle by Crazy Horse. Custer's ego got the better of him because he pushed his army forward, believing the NAtive American forces to be small. However, his troops were outnumbered by thousands of Sioux and Cheyenne Native American fighters. Over two hundred of Custer's men were killed, including Custer himself. ** ﻿  Mediavilla **  Indian Wars Movie - In Class
 * 305: Gen. George Custer:**

Battle of the Little Bighorn by the Native Americans involved, the Battle of the Greasy Grass, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. It occurred on June 25 and June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, near what is now Crow Agency, Montana. The battle was the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77 (also known as the Black Hills War). It was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Gall, inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. Seventh Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer, suffered a severe defeat. Five of the Seventh's companies were annihilated; Custer was killed. Total U.S. deaths were 268, including scouts, and 55 were wounded. **Maschler** []
 * 306: Battle of Little Bighorn:**

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, also known as the Dawes General Allotment Act, was an act by Congress that regarded the distribution of land of the Native Americans in the Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma. Signed on February 8 and named after its sponsor--Senator Henry L. Dawes (MA)--the act remained in effect until 1934, but was amended twice during that time period. The act divided the lands that belonged to the tribes into smaller lands, opening it to settlement and railroad development.
 * 307: Dawes Severalty Act 1887:**
 * Radtke** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Act

Samuel Longhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, is considered one of the greatest American writers. He authored //The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn// (1885) and //The Adventures of Tom Sawyer// (1876). He grew up in Hannibal, Missouri and later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, which later became the setting for //The Adventures of Huckelberry Finn//. He then tried gold mining, but failed, so he turned to journalism and found his calling. Contrary to popular belief, Twain struggled financially throughout his life. He finally became financially stable when he started writing. He died April 21, 1910 at the age of 74. He has since been called the "greatest American humorist of his age" and "the father of American literature."
 * 308: Mark Twain:**
 * Radtke** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain

Passed by Congress in 1873, the Timber Culture Act was a follow-up act to the Homestead Act. The act allowed homesteaders to get another 160 acres of land if they planted trees on one-fourth of the land.
 * 309: Timber Culture Act 1873:**
 * Radtke** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act

The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 allowed the sale of Western timberland for $2.50 per acre in a 160 acre plot. This land, deemed unfit for farming, was sold to those who might want to log or mine on the land. The act allowed speculators to increase their land holdings at minimal expense.
 * 310: Timber and Stone Act 1878:**
 * Radtke** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_and_Stone_Act

Bonanza farms were very large farms that grew and harvested wheat. The new and efficient farming machinery of the 1870s, cheap and abundant land, growth of the eastern markets and completion of the most major railroads made the bonanza farms. They were owned by companies and run like factories, with professional managers.
 * 311: Bonanza Farms:**
 * Radtke** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza_farms

//Source: http://www.nps.gov/archive/gosp/history/race.html// **Barton**
 * 312: Pacific Railway Act 1862:** This act was passed by Congress and signed by President Lincoln with the intention that western states would remain loyal to union. It provided subsidy bonds and land grants to help the railroad companies acquire the money they would need to build and maintain rail lines. The Act authorized each railroad company to receive government bonds for every mile of track they laid as a low interest loan and were to be paid back at 6% interest in 30 years. However, the government had no money to pay the railroad companies, so they instead gave ten square miles of land for each mile of track that was completed. These land grants were distributed in a checkerboard pattern.

//Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_of_America_scandal// **Barton**
 * 313: Credit Mobilier:** The Credit Mobilier was one of the scandals during Grant's presidency involving the Union Pacific railroad company. Congressman Oakes Ames distributed Crédit Mobilier shares of stock at lower prices along with cash bribes to congressmen during the Andrew Johnson presidency in 1868, but the scandal was not revealed until Grant's presidency in 1872. The Union Pacific used the Credit Mobilier to make profits from construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. The Union Pacific committed fraud through the use of indirect billing, bills created by the Credit Mobilier, which asked for additional funding for the railroad intended for the pockets of the leaders of the Union Pacific and the Credit Mobilier. This corruption went on until it was revealed in 1872 in the //New York Sun// in 187, which was against Grant's re-election. The story was leaked by Henry Simpson McComb, a future executive of the Illinois Central Railroad and an associate of Ames after a dispute with Ames. After the revelation, the Union Pacific went bankrupt.

James Jerome Hill (September 16, 1838 – May 29, 1916), was a Canadian-American railroad executive. He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway, which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest, the northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest. Because of the size of this region and the economic dominance exerted by the Hill lines, Hill became known during his lifetime as The Empire Builder. **Maschler** []
 * 314: James J. Hill:**

At the close of the Civil War, large herds of longhorn cattle roamed freely throughout Texas. High meat prices in eastern cities attracted a variety of entrepreneurs and prompted cattlemen to search for a way to bring them to market. The building of the first transcontinental railroads offered a solution by providing an inexpensive mode of transporting cattle to large urban markets. Beginning in 1866, cowboys drove herds of cattle, numbering on average twenty-five hundred head, overland to railheads on the northern Plains, which typically took from six weeks to two months. Gradually, however, the westward spread of homestead settlement, expanding railroad networks, and shrinking free-range cattle herds pushed the trails farther west. By 1890, long drives to reach railroad stations had become unnecessary, and professional ranchers had replaced the early entrepreneurs in supplying urban America with beef cattle. **KW**
 * 315: "long drive":**
 * []**

The Chisholm Trail was a trail used in the late 1800s to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads. The trail stretched from the Red River, and on to the railhead of the Kansas Pacific Railway in Abilene, Kansas, where the cattle would be sold and shipped eastward. The Chisholm trail stretched from around San Antonio, Texas to Abilene, Kansas. The trail is named for Jesse Chisholm who had built several trading posts in what is now western Oklahoma before the American Civil War. He died in 1868, too soon ever to drive cattle on the trail. **Maschler** []
 * 316: Chisholm Trail:**

Abilene began as a stage coach stop in 1857, established by Timothy Hersey and named from a passage in the Bible, meaning "city of the plains". The town grew quickly when Joseph G. McCoy began using the town as a stockyard. Abilene became the very first "cow town" of the west. With the railroad pushing west, cattle traders soon came to use Abilene as the largest stockyards west of Kansas City. The Chisholm Trail ended in Abilene, bringing in many travelers and making Abilene one of the wildest towns in the west. It was also home to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his family. **KW** []
 * 317: Abilene, Kansas:**

Barbed wire is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). It is used to construct inexpensive fences and is used atop walls surrounding secured property. The "Big Four" in barbed wire were Joseph Glidden, Jacob Haish, Charles Francis Washburn, and Isaac L. Ellwood. Glidden, a farmer in 1873 and the first of the "Big Four," is often credited for designing a successful sturdy barbed wire product, but he let others popularize it for him. **KW** []
 * 318: barbed wire:**

Joseph Farwell Glidden (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American farmer who patented barbed wire, a product that forever altered the development of the American West. Glidden's idea came from a display at a fair in DeKalb, Illinois in 1873, by Henry B. Rose. Rose had patented "The Wooden Strip with Metallic Points" in May 1873. This was simply a wooden block with wire protrusions designed to keep cows from breaching the fence**. KW**
 * 319: Joseph F. Glidden:**
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Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet //Commodore,// was an American entrepreneur. He built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history. He was a steamboat entrepreneur and controlled a large railroad empire that included the New York and Harlem Railroad, Hudson River Railroad, New York Central Railroad, Canada Southern Railway, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, Michigan Central Railroad, New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, West Shore Railroad, Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburgh Railroad, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway, Lake Erie and Western Railroad, and Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad. **KW**
 * 320: Cornelius Vanderbilt:**
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 * PG 18**
 * PG 20**