PG+8

The Embargo of 1807 and the subsequent Nonintercourse Acts were American laws restricting American ships from engaging in foreign trade 1807 and 1812. They led to the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. ROW []
 * 106. Embargo of 1807:**

In the last four days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States. ROW []
 * 107. Non-Intercourse Act:**

Macon's Bill Number 2, which became law in the United States on May 1, 1810, was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. ROW []
 * 108. Macon's Bill No. 2:**

(March 1768 – October 5, 1813), also known as Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy that opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. He grew up in the Ohio country during the American Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War, where he was constantly exposed to warfare. ROW []
 * 109. Tecumseh:**

War Hawk is a term originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization. ROW []
 * 110. War Hawks:**

Ever since 1793, during the French and Indian War, France and Britain seemed to be constantly fighting. This tension affected trade in America, who was trying to stay neutral. The British were capturing American ships and forcing American seamen into the British navy (which was also called impressment). The American people began to vocalize their dissent about this impressment which led to Madison's request to wage war upon Britain, thus beginning the War of 1812. KW []
 * 111. Causes of the War of 1812**

When Madison pushed the declaration of war through Congress, Federalists everywhere protested. Madison was proposing that all the states put their militias under federal control because he believed a short war would be more beneficial to the country. Three states refused to place their militias into the hands of the federal government and away from their duties in their own states. However the war continued, leaving the Federalists to grow more and more agitated and eventually begin advocating constitutional changes to increase their national influence. KW []
 * 112. Federalist opposition to the War of 1812**

Francis Scott Key, son of a wealthy Maryland land owner, strongly opposed the War of 1812. However, when his close friend, Dr. William Beanes, was taken prisoner by the British, Key stepped in to help release Beanes. The British seamen were kind to Key and only asked that he and his friends remain on board the ship until the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Key and Beanes viewed the 25 hour battle from a distance before the British retreated. The sight of the American flag still flying in the early morning smog inspired Key to write a poem entitled "Defence of Fort McHenry" which was later rename "The Star Spangled Banner" and, later still, became the American national anthem. KW ﻿ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Whole Text of "Defence of Fort McHenry" --> []
 * 113. Fort McHenry/Francis Scott Key:**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">At the beginning of the War of 1812, the United States sent Perry to command the American forces on Lake Erie. When he arrived in Presque Isle (modern-day Erie, Pennsylvania), Perry commissioned several carpenters to build a fleet of ships. Within a year, he had nine ships. However, only two, the // Lawrence // and the // Niagara //, were fit for battle. Perry had also assembled a force of about five hundred men to serve under him, and after several months of drilling, they were a capable naval unit. ROW <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">[]
 * 114. Oliver Perry:**

The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach the combatants until February. The battle is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war. ROW []
 * 115. Battle of New Orleans:**

The Hartford Convention was an event spanning from December 15, 1814–January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war with a return to the status quo ante bellum disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places. ROW []
 * 116. Hartford Convention:**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">In 1814 the British, having set their sights on New Orleans, entered the Mississippi River via the Pea River, where they would continue the trek to New Orleans on foot. On the way, the British defeated 5 American ships and captured the Viillere plantation, allowing General Jackson to prepare for the looming battle. When the British arrived, The Americans' artillery and General Jackson's strategical warfare demolished the British troops. This was the greatest American victory in the War of 1812 against Britain's finest militia. It's too bad the battle took place after the peace treaty had been signed, effectively ending the war. <span style="font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">KW []
 * 117. Battle of New Orleans**

signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun. ROW []
 * 118. Treaty of Ghent:**

The War of 1812 had two very different economical effects for the Americans. On the one hand, the war caused financial crises because the charter for the First Bank of the United States had been left to expire in 1811. This initiated the founding of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. But on the other hand, the war spurred a manufacturing boom. The British blockade had put a damper on the American coast who began to suffer a shortage of cotton. They, therefore, had to make it themselves, which would lead to an American cotton-manufacturing industry. The war also spurred the construction of the Erie Canal project and a change in political parties with the Democratic-Republicans in the spotlight and the Federalists slowly dissipating. <span style="font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">KW <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]
 * 119. Economic affects of War of 1812:**

chartered in 1816, five years after the First Bank of the United States lost its own charter. The Second Bank of the United States was initially headquartered in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, the same as the First Bank, and had branches throughout the nation. The Second Bank was chartered by many of the same congressmen who in 1811 had refused to renew the charter of the original Bank of the United States. The predominant reason that the Second Bank of the United States was chartered was that in the War of 1812, the U.S. experienced severe inflation and had difficulty in financing military operations. Subsequently, the credit and borrowing status of the United States were at their lowest levels since its founding. Like the First Bank, the Second Bank was also chartered for 20 years, and also failed to get its charter renewed. It existed for 5 more years as an ordinary bank before going bankrupt in 1841. ROW []
 * 120. 2nd B.U.S.:**

**PG 9**