PG+5

__** 61. James Bordoin **__ James Bordoin was the governor of Massachusetts. During Shay's Rebellion, he organized a military force that was funded by eastern merchants to confront the rebels. His group defeated the rebels in 1787, but the rebels were liked by the people. This led to Bordoin losing in the next election because the voters turned on him. //**Mediavilla**//

**__62. "Tar and Feathering"__** This method of torture was particularly cruel for it involved the victim being "stripped of clothes, covered with hot tar, and splattered with feathers". After being covered, the victim was forced to parade around the town. Such torture was used by Patriots in order to scare off Loyalists and British tax collectors. This was also seen as an extreme, yet necessary form of public humiliation. [] //**Mediavilla**//


 * A more brutal derivation called pitchcapping, was used by British forces against Irish rebels during the period of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
 * Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and feathered, other times a match was held to the feathers to light them, as well as the tar, on fire to inflict pain.

The first recorded incident of tar and feathering in America was on Captian William Smith in 1766. Smith was tarred, feathered and dumped into the harbor of Norfolk, Virginia by an angry mob. Smith was believed to have informed the British Customs service about certain smugglers. He was later picked up by a boat and survived the tramatic event.

There is no case of a person dying from being tarred and feathered in this period.

[]

A society founded at the end of the Revolutionary War in order to preserve the ideals that the patriots believed in. Members were either officers from the Continental army or their French allies. George Washington was the Society of Cincinnati’s first president general. // Source: []// //Allison Fitts//
 * 63. Society of Cincinnati:**

One of two plans proposed at the Constitutional Convention. It called for a national government with three branches and a legislature with two houses. The members of the first house would be chosen by the people, but that house would choose the members of the second house. The president and national judiciary would also be picked by the national legislature. //Source:// [] Allison Fitts
 * 64. Virginia Plan:**

One of two plans proposed at the Constitutional Convention. It called for a “more decentralized” government than the Virginia Plan, and would be formed by altering the Articles of Confederation to form a slightly more powerful government than the prior arrangement. //Source:// [] Allison Fitts
 * 65. New Jersey Plan:**

An agreement at the Constitutional Convention to take aspects of the Virginia Plan and aspects of the New Jersey Plan to form the national legislature we have today. The legislature is made up of two houses; members of the first house are based on population and members of the second house are appointed by state legislature and have two come from each state. //Source:// [] Allison Fitts
 * 66. The Great Compromise (aka Connecticut Compromise):**

A statute passed by the First United States Congress establishing the judiciary branch of the national government. Through this act, the Supreme Court was created. //Source:// [] Allison Fitts
 * 67. Judiciary Act of 1789:**

allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs (taxes) on foreign imports, but it prohibited placing taxes on any exports //source:// [|http://quizlet.com/587493/apush-chapter-6-the-constitution-and-the-new-republic-1787-1800-flash-cards/] Federalism:
 * 68. Commercial Compromise: [McKeon]**

Checks and balances, or the separation of powers, is based upon the philosophy of Baron de Montesquieau. In this system the government was to be divided into three branches of government, each branch having particular powers. The legislative branch makes the laws, the executive branch enforces and carries out the laws, and the judicial branch interprets the laws. Not only does each branch of the government have particular powers each branch has certain powers over the other branches. This is done to keep them balanced and to prevent one branch from gaining too much power.
 * 69. Checks and Balances:**
 * [] ROW**

The Separation of Powers devised by the framers of the Constitution was designed to do one primary thing: to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist. Based on their experience, the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power. The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as Checks and Balances. Three branches are created in the Constitution. The Legislative, composed of the House and Senate, is set up in Article 1. The Executive, composed of the President, Vice-President, and the Departments, is set up in Article 2. The Judicial, composed of the federal courts and the Supreme Court, is set up in Article 3. Each of these branches has certain powers, and each of these powers is limited, or checked, by another branch. [] ROW
 * 70. Separation of Powers:**

In his address Washington: [] ROW
 * 71. Washington's Farewell Address:**
 * **Extolls the benefits of the federal government.** "The unity of government...is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence...of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very liberty which you so highly prize."
 * **Warns against the party system.** "It serves to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration....agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one....against another....it opens the door to foreign influence and corruption...thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another."
 * **Stresses the importance of religion and morality.** "Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation in Courts of Justice?"
 * **On stable public credit.** "...cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible...avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt....it is essential that you...bear in mind, that towards the payments of debts there must be Revenue, that to have Revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised, which are not...inconvenient and unpleasant..."
 * **Warns against permanent foreign alliances.** "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world..."
 * **On an over-powerful military establishment.** "...avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to Republican Liberty."

An undeclared war between the United States and France, the Quasi-War was the result of disagreements over treaties and America's status as a neutral in the French Revolution. Fought entirely at sea, the Quasi-War was largely a success for the fledgling US Navy as its vessels captured numerous French privateers and warships, while only losing one of its vessels. Officially fought from July 7, 1798, until the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine on September 30, 1800, however, French privateers had been preying on American ships for several years prior to the conflict. //source: []//
 * 72. Quasi War: [McKeon]**


 * 73. XYZ Affair: [McKeon]**

In 1794, President Washington negotiated a treaty with England to settle outstanding differences between the two countries. The resulting improvement in American-English relations angered the revolutionary French leaders, who were enemies of the English. Shortly after becoming president, Adams sent diplomats to France to smooth over the bad feelings. But three French representatives—dubbed X, Y, and Z—met secretly with the U.S. diplomats and demanded $10 million in bribes to the French government to begin negotiations. When the Americans refused, Mr. X threatened the United States with the "power and violence of France." This became known as the XYZ Affair, and was a prelude to the Quasi War. //source:// The Alien and Sedition Acts: Defining American Freedom (PDF document on Moodle) []

Four laws passed in 1798 to make the United States more secure from the threat of "aliens" spies and domestic traitors. They were: 1. __The__ __Naturalization Act__: extended the time immigrants had to live in the United States to become citizens from five to 14 years {slowed the growth of the Jefferson's Republican party, as most immigrants sided with them} 2. __The Alien Enemies Act__: provided that once war had been declared, all male citizens of an enemy nation could be arrested, detained, and deported. {the country never went to war & this law was never used} 3. __The Alien Friends Act__: authorized the president to deport any non-citizen suspected of plotting against the government during either wartime or peacetime. {this act was limited to 2 years, and no alien was ever deported under it} 4. __The Sedition Act__: outlawed conspiracies "to oppose any measure or measures of the government." Going further, the act made it illegal for anyone to express "any false, scandalous and malicious writing" against Congress or the president. Significantly, the act did not specifically protect the vice-president who, of course, was Jefferson. Additional language punished any spoken or published words that had "bad intent" to "defame" the government or to cause the "hatred" of the people toward it. //source:// The Alien and Sedition Acts: Defining American Freedom (PDF document on Moodle) []
 * 74. Alien and Sedition Acts: [McKeon]**

When ** France declared war on England ** on February 1, 1793, the United States faced a thorny political problem. France was America's ally during the Revolutionary War, yet Great Britain's financial support was important to American shipowners. President Washington met with members of his cabinet who agreed with him that a policy of neutrality was in the best interests of the country. Although both Hamilton and Jefferson favored a neutral position, Hamilton sided with Britain and Jefferson with France. And James Madison questioned the president's authority to issue the proclamation without congressional approval. Nonetheless, Washington issued the proclamation, warning American citizens to avoid involvement in the hostilities, a strictly European war. This admonition proved to be a harbinger of one of Washington's themes in his Farewell Address to the Nation three and a half years later in which he would warn against America's involvement in "permanent alliances." Notice that nowhere in his proclamation does Washington use the word "neutrality." It was omitted in order not to offend Great Britain, with whom America had ongoing business relationships. The proclamation was signed on April 22, 1793, in Philadelphia by Washington. ** ﻿ ** [] ROW
 * 75. Proclamation of Neutrality 1793:**

**PG 6**