APUSH+Wiki+page+2

__**16. Mercantilism:**__ The mercantile system was established to create a favorable balance of trade between a mother country and her colony—where a country or empire had more exports than imports. Before the mercantile system, the power of a country was based on land. However, during Mercantilism, the power of a country was based not on territory, but on specie (or gold and silver). Originally, when Mercantile countries began colonizing the world, they were in pursuit of gold and silver (Spanish conquistadors.) Later, Mercantile countries began colonizing for natural resources (timber, fur). In the mercantile system, goods were not manufactured in the colony, but in the mother country, thus creating more wealth for the mother country and forcing the colony to be dependent on the mother country for revenue. The mother country served as both the supplier and the consumer, thus completely controlling the colony's economy. K.H.

__**17. Dominion of New England:**__ a merger that joined all of New England into a single agency. The Dominion was created in 1686 after British rulers became fearful of the growing independence their colonies were experiencing, especially after the deliberate ignoring of the Navigation Acts by the colonists. The agency eventually failed due to colonists’ stubbornness and was ended in 1689. What ensued were a British attitude of disregard toward the colonies and a period of salutary neglect. //Sources//: []

The early inhabitants of Jamestown were employed by the Virginia Company and were supposed to produce profits for those with stock in the Virginia Company. When gold and silver were not found in large amounts in North America, Virginia was threatened by bankruptcy without a cash crop. However, in the 1610's the tobacco economy flourished. This product required large amounts of land and workers. Because the company had few workers, they implemented the Headright system to solve labor shortage. Under the Headright System, colonists already residing in Virginia were given 2 Headrights (100 total acres of land). New settlers who paid their own voyage to Virginia were granted 1 Headright (this encouraged families to migrate together.) Wealthy individuals could accumulate land by paying for passage of poor individuals, who mostly became indentured servants. This system became the basis of the aristocracy in Virginia. Eventually, plantation owners would be awarded headrights for importing slaves. K.H.
 * __18. Headright System:__**

The Virginia House of Burgesses was established in 1619 as the first popularly elected legislature in the New World. Because Virginia was generally seen as a failure at this time, establishing the House of Burgesses was one of many reforms Virginia made to attract people to the colony. Along with this reform came ending the Virginia Company's monopoly on land ownership and adopting English common law. It was modeled after the English parliament and members met at least annually with a royal governor to decide local laws and taxation. However, only white male landowners could vote in the House of Burgesses. Famous delegates include Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington. The first issue that the House addressed was the minimum price of tobacco (Virginia's cash crop.) When Virginia became a royal colony in 1624, England restricted the power of the House of Burgesses. K.H.
 * __19. House of Burgesses:__**

__**20. King Philip's War:**__ In 1675, the chief of the Pokanoket Indians, Metacoment, or as the British called him, King Philip, was pushed to a breaking point by the continued violence and disease being pushed on Native Americans. To retaliation, King Philip forged a military alliance with two-thirds of the region's Indians. They started the attacks at Swanswed, Massachesetts, but eventually attacked multiple towns in the New England Area. This sparked warring between the Native Americans and colonists, resulting in a war that had a higher proportion of deaths than the Germann, British, and U.S. casulties in World War II combined. Called King Philip's War, it is the most destructive war in American history relative to population size. 5% of New England's population and 40% of the Native American population were killed. After the war, the remaining Native Americans lived in small, scattered communities often working as slaves or servants for colonists. http://www.pilgrimhall.org/philipwar.htm

In the 1670's the the administration of Virginia under governor Sir William Berkeley became unpopular with farmers and frontier's men because.. The last problem was the worst—earlier Berkeley had worked to establish peace and negotiated settlements but during the 1640's and 50's colonial population began spilling into Indian lands west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. This led to clashes between the Native Americans and colonists. In 1676 Nathaniel Bacon (member of Berkeley's council) wanted the colonists to be able to expand, but Berkeley refused to take action. Bacon recruited a small force and attacked the Native Americans. Berkeley became a local hero and was even elected to the House of Burgesses (although he was arrested when he tried to claim his seat.) After he was released, he marched on Jamestown. However, when Bacon died soon after, the rebellion collapsed, and Berkeley returned to power. Led to use of slaves instead of often rebellious indentured servants. K.H.
 * __21. Bacon's Rebellion:__**
 * 1) He restricted their right to vote (only landowners could vote)
 * 2) Higher taxes
 * 3) Low tobacco prices
 * 4) Sense of subordination to aristocracy (the aristocracy that gained power through the Headright System.)
 * 5) Lack of protection against Native American attacks

In 1677 and 1678 in Albermarle Country, North Carolina, colonists revolted against the Navigation Acts imposed on the colonies by England. At the time, North Carolina's government consisted of a powerful Council of Crown-appointed officials and an weak assembly elected by popular vote. The colonists of North Carolina began to resent the Proprietors, to the point where Governor Peter Carteret traveled to England to try to convince Proprietors to stop enforcing the Navigation Acts. His attempts failed. John Culpeper and two other opposition leaders kidnapped John Miller, the governor of North Carolina who tampered with local elections and imposed heavy taxes. Culpeper and the other rebels began arresting other government officials and taking their positions in government. After two years of relative tranquility, Culpeper was charged with treason, but not found guilty. K.H.
 * __22. Culpeper's Rebellion:__**


 * __23. Georgia:__**

__ · __James Ogelthorpe was born December 22, 1696 as the seventh of nine children in a wealthy family. His father and oldest brother fought in Queen Anne’s war and never returned. At 16, he enlisted and shortly after, worked for Prince Eugene, where he gained public recognition. Ogelthorpe worked as a philanthropist and was known for his benevolence. Working at the Prison Discipline Committee brought him the idea of creating a colony for debtors in the New World. After witnessing the atrocities of the Fleet and Marshalsea Debtors Prisons, a group of 21 men created a charter for a new colony named Georgia. Ogelthorpe used his connections to get the charter to the king, who signed in June 9, 1732. He and his crew sailed to South Carolina and settled there in 1733. Ogelthorpe acted as the leader of the colony, as doctor and judge, secured funds from England and had rum and slavery banned. After many years of battle with the Spanish in Florida and the Indians, Ogelthorpe was forced to retire and unexpectedly died in 1785. (C.D.B)
 * __24. James Oglethorpe:__**

//Source//: http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/people/oglethorpe.html


 * __25. William Penn:__**

· : Left · Left mostly to himself growing up, Penn often thought about religion, especially about Quakers. Penn acquired an education in Greek and Roman Classics before attending Oxford University. However, at Oxford, Penn rebelled, protesting compulsory chapel attendance which got him expelled at 17. He then attended //l'Académie Protestante//, the most respected French Protestant University in France where he studied with Christian humanist Moïse Amyraut, who supported religious toleration. In 1664 when he returned to England, he studied at Lincoln's Inn, the most prestigious law school in London where he learned the common law basis for civil liberties and gained some experience with courtroom strategy. Penn soon worked under his father where he gained connections to King Charles II and the Duke of York. After being arrested for being a Quaker, Penn decided he needed to move to the New World for religious toleration to emerge. In November 1682, Penn founded Philadelphia, meaning “city of brotherly love” in Greek. Penn created peaceful policies, which prevailed for 70 years, even through difficult times. Before Penn died, Philadelphia became not a haven for Quakers, but a melting pot. (C.D.B)

//Source:// http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html

The Holy Experiment was an attempt by the Quakers to establish a community in Pennsylvania for themselves.This experiment, for the Quakers would hopefully show the world how well they could function on their own without persecution or dissension. William Penn managed to creat that Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania. William did this by attracting all different sorts of people and creating a liberal frame of government. Quakers were among the different sorts of people wich Penn attracted and who also made up the Holy Experiment. **MMARSHALL**
 * __26. Holy Experiment:__**

a type of feudal system that operated in Dutch colonies. Under the system, a Dutch West India Company officer would be granted land and be expected to bring over tenants to use the land was used for farming, livestock, etc. The incentives for a patroon to bring tenants to his estate included legal and hunting rights, as well as first choice of tenants’ crops. //Sources//: [], [] , [] The Patroon System was a type of feudal aristocracy used by the Dutch in New Amsterdam (Hudson River region) to attract settlers. Under this system, any stockholder (patroon) who could bring 50 adults to his estate over a 4-year period was given 25-kilometer river front property, exclusive fishing and hunting privileges, and civil and criminal jurisdiction over his land. (The patroons could even decide if their tenants could move, work, or even marry.) In return, the patroon had to supply livestock, tools, and housing. The tenants paid the patroon rent, and the patroon chose his pick from any surplus crop. Only 5 patroonships were granted, and the plan was not a success because few wanted to permanently give up their freedom. K.H.
 * __27. Patroon System:__**

the actual land used under the patroon system. The head of the patroonship was the estate owner. Below him were the tenants who worked the land. Tenants were expected to provide the head of the patroonship with either goods or money. Individual patroonships functioned like a small town. //Source//: []
 * __28. "Patroonships":__**

__**29. Peter Stuyvesant:**__ The most famous governor of the colony, Peter Stuyvesant, ruled New Amsterdam with an iron fist. ([]) (c. 1612 – August 1672), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City. Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general included a great expansion for the settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip of Manhattan. Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on Wall Street, the canal that became Broad Street, and Broadway. ( [] ) ROW


 * __30. Leisler's Rebellion:__**

Inspired by the Glorious Revolution in England, an armed mob of New York colonists seized Fort James and installed Jacob Liesler, a German militia commander, as the militia commander in 1689. Initially, Liesler was popular for establishing a legislative assembly not dominated by wealthy landowners or merchants. However, shortly after, King William III dispatched a new governor, Henry Sloughter, and Liesler was convicted of treason and sentenced to death. K.H.

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 * __[[pg 3|PG 3