pg+3

__**31. John Peter Zenger:**__ John Peter Zenger arrived in New York from Germany in 1710, acting as an apprentice to William Bradford of the //New York Gazette//. After royal governor William Cosby sued colonial official Rip Van Dam and dismissed chief justice Lewis Morris for arguing against an unfair trial, Morris established a newspaper to criticize Cosby. He hired Zenger to publish the paper, called the //New York Journal//. In November 1734, Cosby had Zenger arrested. On August 4, 1734, Zenger went on trial for seditious libel. English law recognized seditious libel as any insult against the government, true or false. At the trial, Zenger’s lawyer Andrew Hamilton admitted that Zenger had indeed printed the paper but persuaded the jurors that Zenger was not guilty unless the printed information about Colby was false. The jury found Zenger not guilty, and he won his case. Zenger’s trial established truth as a defense for libel and made him a symbol for freedom of the press. Sources: historybuff.com and assigned reading An issue of the New York Journal: __[]__ Zenger’s burning order and bench warrant: __[]__

Quick-tempered James Otis was one of the first vociferous opponents of British taxation policies. As early as 1761, Boston merchants hired him to provide legal defense against British search warrants. His widely distributed pamphlet, the rights of the British colonists asserted and approved, was one of the first legal criticisms of Parliament's taxation policies. A large man with a large heart for British liberties, he was perceived by many in London to be the center of treasonous American activity. ([]) ROW
 * __32. James Otis:__**

In Pennsylvania, a group of Scots-Irish settlers called the Paxton Boys marched on Philadelphia in 1764 to protest the Quakers' friendly Native American policy. The Paxtons lived in Pennsylvania's hinterland and wanted both Native American land and protection from raids on their homes. A delegation, led by Benjamin Franklin met with the Paxton gang to hear their grievances. Order was restored — but just barely before the Paxtons would have attacked Philadelphia. ([]) ROW
 * __33. Paxton Boys:__**

__**34. Virginia Resolves:**__ The Virginia Resolves were a series of resolutions which were passed by the Virginia Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765. The Virginia Resolves claimed that Virginia was only subject to taxation by a parliamentary assembly in which representatives were elected by the Virginians themselves. However, because no colonial representatives were elected to the Parliament, the only assembly which could raise taxes legally was the Virginia General Assembly. **MMARSHALL**

__**35. Committees of Correspondence:**__ The Committees of Correspondence were Special committees formed by the colonial assemblies and various lesser arms of local government. The committees were responsible for taking the sense of their parent body on a particular issue, then committing it to a written form. After taking the sense of their parent body and committing the issue to a written form, the committees then had to dispatch that view to other similar groups. A copious amount of the correspondents who took part in the committees were active in the Secret Sons of Liberty organizations and were members of the colonial assemblies. At first, the committees were formed to address a specific problem, then they spread apart or disbanded when achieving a resolution. **MMARSHALL**

__**36. Declaratory Act:**__ March 18, 1766. This act addresses the fact that legislative assemblies in the colonies have taken it upon themselves to govern and create laws. It states that Britain has control of its colonies, and America should be "subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain." It also states that any laws colonial assemblies make that disregard or contradict British laws are not valid. Read the entire text at []. -- Cara

__**37. Internal Taxation:**__ An internal tax directly places another cost on top of the price of an item for the consumer. The consumer knows that he/she is paying a tax because they can see the before tax price and the after tax price. --Cara

__**38. External Taxation:**__ External taxes are ones placed on imports, items coming into the colonies. It is an indirect tax because the shipper must pay a duty for the item. Then, the price of the item increases to compensate for the shipper's extra fee. The consumer does not realize she/he is paying a tax. -- Cara

The Gaspee was a British ship, under the command of Lieutenant William Dudingston that enforced unpopular customs in Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay. It was chasing the boat Hannah off the coast of Rhode Island when it was caught in shallow waters on what is not Gaspee Point. A group of patriots from the Sons of Liberty lead by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked the stranded ship, looted it and lit it on fire in an act of defiance. CROWE
 * __39. Gaspee Affair:__**

__**40. Suffolk Resolves:**__ Declared September 9, 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Committees of Correspondence in Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex and Worcester met to oppose the Massachusetts Government Act, one of the intolerable acts that was meant to suppress, dissent and restore order in Massachusetts Bay. It revoked key provisions in the provincial Charter hof1961. They urged all county courts to close rather than give in to the oppressive orders. As each court closed it gave a set of resolves explaining the cause of closing. Although all counties wrote one, the Suffolk resolves is more widely recognized due to its craftsmanship and support by the continental congress. The document denounced the Intolerable Acts, along with: boycott British imports, completely ignore the Massachusetts Government Act, demand that those appointed by this act resign, refuse to pay taxes until the act was repealed, support colonial government free from British rule until the Intolerable Acts were repealed, and lastly, urge the colonies to create a militia with its own people. (KV)

__**41. Second Continental Congress:**__ The Second Continental Congress included sixty-five representatives who were chosen by the legislatures of thirteen British North American colonies. It was the body of the Second Continental Congress which adopted the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of independence. The Second Continental Congress also acted as the de facto U.S national government during the American Revolutionary War. The Congress acted as the de facto by raising armies, appointing diplomats, making formal treaties and directing strategy. **MMARSHALL**

__**42. Continental Association:**__ A system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 to make a trade boycott with Great Britain. The hope of this system was to pressure Great Britain to to redress the grievances of the colonies, especially the Intolerable Acts. During this time the trade with Great Britain decreased immensely, and the English responded by enforcing the New England Restraining Act of 1775. It was based on the Virginia Association. The Continental Association imposed an immediate ban on British tea, and a ban on importing or consuming //any// goods from Britain, Ireland, and the British West Indies. It also banned exporting good to Britain, Ireland and British West Indies if the act that were complained of were repealed. (KV)

__**43. Lexington and Concord:**__ (MariannaMesserli) The Battle of Lexington and Concord was fought on April 19, 1775 between British troops directed by Lt. Col. Francis Smith and American troops directed byCaptain John Parker. British troops in Boston were sent by General Gage to get gunpowder and capture Sam Adams and John Hancock. American troops were warned any the minutemen assembled to fight. Americans were outnumbered and suffered 7 deaths, but they still killed 73 inflicted 174 casualties on British troops. This battle added ferocity to the war and was the first blood shed on American soil. This was a surprising victory for the colonial forces.

([])

__**44. John Locke:**__ He was a British philosopher associated with the Enlightenment era. He believed that every person should discover for themselves what to think rather than just blindly accept what the authority says. He also believed that humans should decide matters of natural and spiritual welfare using reason and logic. Read more at []. --Cara

__**45. Hessians:**__ during the American Revolution, Britain hired some of the best of German troops to fight against the Americans. In 1778, a man named Lieutenant W. Hale wrote a letter claiming that the Hessians were "by no means equal to the British in any respect...their slowness is of the greatest disadvantage..." (http://www.ushistory.org/us/11a.asp). This gives an idea of how Hessians were viewed by Americans during the American Revolution.- CO

**PG 4**