PG+11

The Trail of Tears was the forced removal of the Native Americans from their homelands to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) following the trials of the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worchester v. Georgia, starting in 1831. President Andrew Jackson continued their removal with a passage from the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The trail of tears began in eastern Alabama and Tennessee and ended in Oklahoma where Congress had set aside land for the Indians to reside. KW []
 * 151. Trail of Tears:**

In 1830, Andrew Jackson authorized the Indian Removal Act to begin the forced removal of Native Americans from areas of increasing western settlement. Senators Daniel Webster and Henry Clay opposed the enforcement of the Act. Reverend Samuel Worcester, a Cherokee missionary, also challenged the law before the Supreme Court, where John Marshall served as Chief Justice. Removal of the act was first called for in the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia case in 1831, but was denied. However, in 1832, the removal of the act was granted in response to the Worcester v. Georgia case. Even though Supreme Court agreed that the Indian Removal Act should be discontinued, President Andrew Jackson overturned the ruling and carried on with the removal of many Native Americans from their ancestral homelands. //Mediavilla//
 * 152. Worcester V. Georgia: **

The Whigs were a political party that was developed in the Jacksonian age of the United States that was developed in opposition of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. The Whigs pushed congressional supremacy over the presidency and favored a more modernized program. They acquired their name from a name used to describe one who saw themselves as opposing tyranny. KW []
 * 153. Whigs:**


 * 154. Maysville Road:** The Maysville Road veto occurred on May 27, 1830. It was when President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill that would have allowed the Federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which was organized to create a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River (the whole space would later become Kentucky). Congress passed a bill in 1830 that provided funds to this project, but Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill saying that the federal funding of intrastate projects was unconstiutional. He thought that bill like this violated the idea that the government should not be an economic affair, and he also said that this type of funding would take away from money used to pay off national debt. Jackson saw his act of vetoing this bill as bringing back the idea that federal money could only be spent when carrying out Congress' enumerated powers. In the past, this idea had been abandoned. (example - Jefferson's Louisiana purchase) KE

The Anti-Masonic group was developed in 1828 in response to the questionable circumstances surrounding the disappearance of William Morgan in 1826. Morgan, a former Mason, was in the process of writing a book which contained Mason secrets. However, he mysteriously disappeared before the book was finished. There was speculation that the Masons killed Morgan, though no proof was ever found. In response to this, many organizations refused to support the Masons in public office. In 1831, the Anti-Masons held the first nominating convention and issued the first party platform. The Anti-Masons agreed with many views of the National Republican Party, yet they opposed Freemasonry and the Jacksonian democracy. In 1834, the Anti-Masonic party dissolved and its followers helped to form the Whig party. //Mediavilla// - [] - []
 * 155. Anti-Masonic Party (Anti-Masonic Movement):**
 * 156. Nicholas Biddle:** Biddle served as the president of the Bank of the United States starting in 1823. He established a solid basis for the Bank. HR i think this needs a little more info Reinhart.


 * 157. Roger B. Taney:** Roger B. Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding office from 1836 to his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold office in the Supreme Court and was teh eleventh United States Attorney General. He is famous for his ruling in teh Dred Scott vs. Sandford case, where he ruled that African Americans could not be considered citizens of the United States. He was a Federalist until the party disappeared, then became very close to Andrew Jackson. He eventually became his Secretary of Treasury. He was a believer in the states' rights and the Union, and he was a slave owner in his home state of Maryland. He later administered teh oath of office to President Abraham Lincoln. He died during the final months of the Civil War, ironically on the same day Maryland abolished slavery. KE

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h330.html Patterson
 * 158. Webster-Hayne Debate:** Senator Samuel Augustus Foot of Connecticut proposed in late 1829, that the committee on public lands study the possibility of limiting the sale of western lands (the Foot Resolution).This seemingly innocuous suggestion laid bare some basic regional tensions. Foot represented the New England view that cheap land encouraged westward migration, which robbed the factories of a captive labor supply.The Democrats in the West opposed the resolution since they favored cheap land in their region. The states’ rights forces in the South took advantage of this situation and tried to forge an alliance with the West, hoping that this would lead to reworking such issues as the tariff.Debate on this matter continued over a number of weeks and changed from a discussion of land policy into a debate about the nature of the Union. Other characters entered the argument, most notably Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Young Hayne of South Carolina. What followed, the Webster Hayne debate, was one of the most famous exchanges in Senate history.Hayne attacked the Foot Resolution and labeled the Northeasterners as selfish and unprincipled for their support of protectionism and conservative land policies. Webster broadened the debate by examining the Southern positions on states’ rights in general and nullification in particular. He concluded his second reply with the words, "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!"


 * 159. Peggy Eaton Affair:** Peggy Eaton married John B. Timberlake at age 17. He was a member of the Navy and fell into huge debts. While on the seas, Timberlake died of a pulmonary disease. Peggy shortly remarried a good friend of the couple's, John Henry Eaton, who was a US Senator and friends with President Jackson. Peggy and John's quick marriage was scandalous to many people and created quite a stir, especially among women. Second Lady, Floride Calhoun, wife of VP John Calhoun, led anti-Peggy groups. The marriage divided the Cabinet because President Jackson and Martin Van Buren supported the Eatons, while Jackson's "First Lady" niece and the Calhouns were aginst it. John Eaton became the Secretary of War for Jackson with hopes that the rumors would die down, but they only intensified. This controversy resulted in the resignation of almost all Cabinet members. Because he sided with Jackson, Van Buren became Jackson's favorite and his vice presidential running mate in his reelection campaign. KE


 * 160. Compromise Tariff of 1833:** This tariff was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the tariff imposed on the manufactured goods coming from the north, after southerners opposed the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations. These tariffs caused South Carolina to threaten succession from the Union because they refused to collect the tax, while Andrew Jackson demanded that it be collected. This compromise said that import taxes would gradually be cut over the next decade, until by 1842, they matched the levels set in the Tariff of 1816 (which was an average of 20%). This tariff only lasted two months into the final stage before protectionism was reinstated by the Black Tariff of 1842. This compromise temporarily suppressed hostile feelings, but didn't work for long because the Civil War erupted a short time later. KE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Bill Patterson
 * 161. Force Bill:** The United States **Force Bill**, formally titled "//An Act further to provide for the collection of duties on imports//", 4 Stat. 632 (1833), enacted by the 22nd U.S. Congress, consists of eight sections expanding Presidential power. The Force Bill was initially enacted on March 2, 1833 to authorize U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs. It was intended to suppress [|South Carolina] 's refusal to collect tariffs during the Nullification Crisis. Opponents of the bill referred to it as Jackson's Bloody Bill or War Bill. The bill was a work of political mastery on Jackson's part as it gave the President the authority to close ports or harbors at his will. This in turn would require opponents to the tariff to travel a distance to carry out any threats or insurrection against federal facilities. Hostile acts against government facilities or personnel would then be considered pre-meditated and blatant. The importance of the Force Bill is that it is the first piece of legislation to publicly deny the right of secession to individual states. Its approval meant that the principle of secession was no longer in keeping with the idea of a national union.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren Patterson
 * 162. Martin Van Buren:** **Martin Van Buren** (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States, serving from 1837 to 1841. Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the 10th Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831). He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution. As a president, Van Buren's administration was largely characterized by the economic hardship of his time, the Panic of 1837. Between the bloodless Aroostook Warand the //Caroline// Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained. Whether or not these were directly his fault, Van Buren was voted out of office after four years, with a close popular vote but a rout in the electoral vote. In 1848, he ran for president on a third-party ticket, the Free Soil Party.


 * 163. Specie Circular:** Specie Circular was also known as the Coinage Act. It was an executive order issued by President Jackson and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver. This act was passed in reaction to the growing conerns about the speculations of land after the Indian removal, which was mostly done in soft currency. The sale of public lands increased five times between 1834 to 1836, paid by with depreciating paper money. While government law already demanded that land be purchased with a specie or paper notes from specie-backed banks, many buyers used paper money from state banks not backed by hard money. The consequences of this act fell on President Van Buren because it was one of Jackson's last acts in office. After the Specie Circular, inflation occurred and the Panic of 1837. KE


 * 164. Charles River Bridge:** Bridge over the Charles River built in response to the growth of communication between the towns of Boston and Charlestown. During this time, the Massachusetts legislature took control over the public ferries. Harvard was given the ability to run a ferry on the Charles River. To improve the convenience of communication and travel, the Charles River Bridge was built by the Charles River Bridge Company. The company was allowed to collect tolls on the bridge for 40 years in addition to paying Harvard during that time frame. Eventually, the company gave the bridge over to the state, but the government was still required to pay Harvard. [KV]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837 Patterson
 * 165. Panic of 1837:** The **Panic of 1837** was a financial crisis in the United States built on a speculative fever.The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage). This was based on the assumption by former president, Andrew Jackson, that government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and then-record-high unemployment levels.

**PG 12**