PG+16

John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838– April 26, 1865) was an stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Fords Theater in Washington D.C., on April 14, 1865. By the 1860s, he was a well known actor. He was also a Confederate sympathizer vehement in his denunciation of the Lincoln Administration and outraged by the South's defeat in the American Civil War. He strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the US and Lincoln's proposal to extend voting rights to recently emancipated slaves. Booth and a group of co-conspirators planned to kill Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy's cause. Of the conspirators, only Booth was completely successful in carrying out his part of the plot. Seward was wounded but recovered; Lincoln died the next morning from a single gunshot wound to the back of the head. he was tracked down and shot by Union soldiers in rural northern Virginia 12 days later. Eight others were tried and convicted, and four were hanged shortly thereafter. Over the years, various authors have suggested that Booth might have escaped his pursuers and subsequently died many years later under a pseudonym. **Maschler**
 * 241. John Wilkes Booth:**
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The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was the final engagement of Confederate State Armies General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War. Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina. Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat. Lee's final stand was at Appomattox Court House, where he launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender. The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a formal ceremony marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia and the parole of its officers and men, effectively ending the war in Virginia. **Maschler** []
 * 242. Appomattox:**


 * 243. Jefferson Davis: GC**

Henry Wirz readily joined the Confederate Army as an officer once the Civil War began. In February of 1864, Wirz was offered a job commanding Camp Sumter in Georgia. Camp Sumter was a camp where the Confederates held Union soldiers as prisoners; Union prisoners named Camp Sumter "Andersonville". The camp lacked food, tools, and medical supplies, causing many Union prisoners to die of malnutrition and disease. After the war, Wirz was tried for conspiracy and murder relating to his command of the camp. In July 1865, the court considered testimonies of former Confederate officers, inmates, and residents of the area during the trial. Some months later, the court found Wirz guilty of conspiracy and 11 of 13 murders and was sentenced to death. Wirz was hung on November 10th, 1865. [] **Rosemary's Baby**
 * 244.Major Henry Wirz:**

Andersonville, officially known as Camp Sumter, was a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp located near Andersonville, Georgia. The camp, opened in February 1864, incarcerated around 45,000 Union prisoners. The camp conditions, filthy and horrendous, and the lack of supplies caused around 13,000 prisoners to die of malnutrition and disease. The prison consisted of 23 acres and a 15-foot wall and by June of 1864 the camp increased to 26.5 acres. There were two main entrances on the west side of the camp known as the "north entrance" and "south entrance". The camp often lacked food and even when large amounts were available, they were of poor quality. During the summer of 1864, the prisoners suffered immensely from hunger, exposure, and disease. Within months, a third of the prisoners had dysentery and scurvy. Not only were disease and hunger major problems, but there was also a group of prisoners, the Andersonville Raiders, that attacked other inmates in order to obtain food, money, and clothing. They came desperately armed with clubs and would kill anyone to get what they wanted. Luckily another group arose, the Regulators, and caught nearly all of the Raiders. These Raiders were tried and ended up being severely punished or executed. Later that fall, once Atlanta had been captured, the prisoners were sent to Millen, Georgia, and Florence, South Carolina. Millen provided better conditions and later the prisoners were returned to Andersoville where conditions were somewhat improved. [] **Rosemary's Baby**
 * 245. Andersonville:**


 * 246. loyalty oath: GC**

Once Abraham Lincoln announced he was to begin Reconstruction on the South after the Civil War, Arkansas held a convention to see if they could be readmitted to the Union. Lincoln came up with what was called the Ten Percent Plan which entitled that when 10% of the men who voted in the 1860 presidential election took an oath of allegiance to the Union, the state could establish a state government, elect officials, and apply to rejoin the Union. //Source: Garraty Chapter 15// **O'Rear**
 * 247. 10% Plan:**

Radical Republicans in Congress disliked Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan mostly because it allowed Lincoln to decide the Union policy toward recaptured Confederate states. Therefore, in July 1864, the Radicals created the Wade-Davis Bill which provided a convention only after a majority of the southern voters had taken a loyalty oath. The southern states would also have to prohibit slavery and repudiate confederate debts. Unfortunately for the Radicals, Lincoln had the bill disposed with a pocket veto and the next president, Andrew Johnson, stayed with Lincoln's veto. //source: Garraty Ch. 15// **O'Rear**
 * 248. Wade-Davis Bill:**

A pocket veto is a legislative maneuver in United States federal lawmaking that allows the President to indirectly veto a bill. The U.S. Constitution limits the President's period for decision on whether to sign or veto any legislation to ten days (not including Sundays) while the United States Congress is in session. If the President does nothing during this period while Congress remains in session, the bill becomes law unsigned. However, if Congress cuts short this period by adjourning and the President does not sign the bill, then the bill dies. This latter outcome is known as the "pocket veto." Article 1, Section 7 of the U.S. Constitution states: “If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a Law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a Law.” Since Congress cannot vote while in adjournment, a pocket veto cannot be overridden. James Madison became the first president to use the pocket veto in 1812. **Maschler**
 * 249. Pocket Veto**
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 * 250. Andrew Johnson: GC**


 * 251. Radical Republicans: GC**


 * 252. Alexander Stephens: R's baby**

The black codes were rules enacted by the southern governments to control former slaves that placed formidable limitations on freedom. These limitations included blacks unable to bear arms, be employed in occupations other than farming and domestic service, or leave their jobs without forfeiting back pay. In Louisiana, the code required blacks to sign labor contracts for the year in the first ten days of January. In Mississippi, people unable to pay stiff fines they incurred were hired out to the white person who would take them for the shortest period in return for paying their fines. //Source: Garraty Chapter 15// **BARTON**
 * 253. black codes:GC**

William P. Fessenden served as a Senator for four terms, 1841-1843 and 1854-1869. He was a strongly conservative Republican who voted against the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson both because of his principles and his dislike for the man who would be Johnson's predecessor**,** Senator Benjamin Wade, with whom he had many differing views on economical and political issues. **KW**
 * 254. Sen. William Fessenden:**
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 * 255. 1866 Civil Rights Act: This law was the first law in American history that became law over the veto of a president. This law stated anyone born in the US and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. Citizens could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. The activities of insurgent groups, particularly the Ku Klux Klan, undermined the act. The act also failed to enforce the civil rights of African Americans though it was created with the intention of providing freed slaves with full civil rights. Although the act was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, it passed in Congress. **
 * //Sources: Garraty Chapter 15// and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866 **BARTON


 * 256. Fourteenth Amendment:** A** n amendment that gave newly free slaves significant political rights and significantly reduced the power of all the states. The amendment supplied a broad definition of American citizenship and struck at discriminatory legislation like the Black Codes. The amendment attempted to force the southern states to permit blacks to vote and barred former federal officials who had served the Confederacy from holding state or federal office unless pardoned by 2/3rds vote of Congress and repudiated the Confederate debt. When the amendment was passed in 1886, there were no illegal immigrants because immediate citizenship was always granted. **
 * //Source: Garraty Chapter 15// **BARTON

//Source: Garraty Chapter 15// **BARTON**
 * 257. 1867 First Reconstruction Act:** This act was passed on March 2, 1867 after local authorities in the South continued to persecute blacks. The former Confederacy of Tennessee was divided into five military districts, each controlled by a major general. These officers were given almost dictatorial power to protect the civil rights of all people, maintain order, and supervise the administration of justice. These former states to rid themselves of military rule by adopting constitutions guaranteeing blacks the right to vote and disfranchising broad classes of ex-Confederates. Congress had to approve the constitutions and the new governments had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment for a states representatives to be admitted to Congress and the end of military rule. This act was unworkable because it was so vague. It did not spell out how new constitutions were to be drawn up and the Southern whites preferred to keep the status quo, regardless if they were under military rule or not.

//Source: http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/imp_tenure.html// **BARTON**
 * 258. Tenure of Office Act 1867:** The Tenure of Office Act 1867 was an act that said all federal officials whose appointment required Senate confirmation could not be removed from office without the consent of the Senate. The Act allowed the president to suspend an official if the Senate was not in session, but the Senate got to decide whether removal was necessary once back in session. This law was passed over the veto of President Andrew Johnson on March 2, 1867. However, the act caused controversy with Johnson and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Johnson, during the summer of 1867 while Senate was not in session, decided to replace Stanton, so he suspended him from office, ordering that Stanton cease all exercise of authority and transfer power to the new secretary of war, Ullysses S. Grant. The new Congress met on January 3, 1868 and refused to allow the removal of Stanton. President Johnson, however, refused to accept the decision, so Johnson appointed General Lorenzo Thomas to the post of secretary of war. The act remained in law until 1887 when President Cleveland overturned it.

Edwin Stanton was a Democrat who opposed slavery. He became Attorney General fro the lame-duck presidential candidate, James Buchanan. When Buchanan did not act against slavery, as Stanton advised him, Stanton began feeding information to the Republican party about White House matters and decisions. After Abraham Lincoln became president, Stanton was removed from office to get rid of the corrupt employees in the White House, only to be named Secretary of War for the Union in 1864. Stanton was also in the center of the battle to impeach President Andrew Johnson from office, going as far as to lock himself in the War Department until the decision was made. **KW** []
 * 259. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton:**

Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States. Chase articulated the "Slave Power conspiracy" thesis well before Lincoln. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men." He devoted his energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power– the conspiracy of Southern slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. **Maschler**
 * 260. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase:**
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