PG+17

One of the Reconstruction Amendments. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the government from denying any American citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." ratified February 3, 1870 //Otto//
 * 261. Fifteenth Amendment:**

During the Reconstruction, The Republicans began to gather black followers but the leaders of the "black republican governments" were white**.** Scalawags were southerners willing to cooperate with Republicans because they accepted the results of the war and were ready to advance their own interests. //Source: Garraty Ch. 15// **O'Rear**
 * 262. scalawags:**

During Reconstruction, the Republicans began to gather black followers but the leaders of the "black republican governments" were white. Carpetbaggers are white northerners who came south as idealists to help the freed slaves either by working in the federal government or becoming settlers hoping to improve themselves. //Source: Garraty Ch. 15// **O'Rear**
 * 263. carpetbaggers:**

Officially called the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, this government agency aided refugees and former slaves from 1865-1872. The Bureau was created to assist former slaves with food, housing, education, health care, and employment contracts. initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant //Otto//
 * 264. Freedmen's Bureau:**

Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868) was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. He wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the Civil War. //Otto//
 * 265. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens:**

Since the Civil War had discontinued slavery, the southern states agriculture was in turmoil. So, the southern farmers came up with a new agricultural system called sharecropping which divided up their land and distributed a black family on each section of land to cultivate it. The land owner supplied housing, food, agricultural implements, seed, work animals, and other supplies while the family supplied labor. The crop was split in half between the land owner and the labor**.** //Source: Garraty Ch. 15// **O'Rear**
 * 266. sharecropping**

The Union League of America also called the Loyal League was a political organization used for northern whites, and later southern negroes, that was established in Ohio in 1862 when the Confederate military successes and political disaffection in the north made the northern victory look doubtful. This group raised troops, paid their expenses, sent supplies to the field, and distributed political literature. Towards the end of the war, it fought to reconstruct the south, punish southern leaders, and the confiscation of property and Negro suffrage. Southern Unionists were even trying to form this into a political party, but white leaders deserted the league when black began to join for political purposes. The Freedman's Bureau eventually gained control of the league and in the end it simply became a way to control the black vote. The league died out in 1870 but not before separating the blacks and whites into opposing political parties.
 * 267. Union League of America:**
 * [|Union League of America]**
 * O'Rear**

Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and informally known as The Klan, is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism. Since the mid-20th century, the KKK has also been anti-communist. The current manifestation is splintered into several chapters and is classified as a hate group. The first Klan flourished in the South in the 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. Their iconic white costumes consisted of robes, masks, and conical hats, and were designed to be outlandish and terrifying. The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early and mid 1920s, and adopted the same costumes and code words as the first Klan, while introducing cross burnings. The third KKK emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the civil rights movement and progress among minorities. The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent reference to America's "Anglo-Saxon" and "Celtic" blood, harking back to 19th century nativism and racialism priding themselves on being descended from the original 18th century British colonial revolutionaries. All incarnations of the Klan have well-established records of engaging in terrorism, though historians debate how widely the tactic was supported by the membership of the second KKK. **Maschler**
 * 268. Ku Klux Klan:**
 * []**

The Knights of the White Camellia was a secret group opposing the northerners in the U.S. Southern states during the Reconstruction era and beyond. Like most of such groups, it was founded by a Confederate veteran, as veterans represented most of southern white men. Col. Alcibiades DeBlanc founded the group on 22 May 1867 in Franklin, Louisiana. Chapters existed primarily in the southern part of the Deep South. It was similar to and associated with the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), as it supported white supremacy and was opposed to Republican (party) government. However, unlike the Klan, which drew much of its membership from lower-class southerners (primarily Confederate veterans), the White Camellia consisted mainly of southerners who were or had been from higher classes, including physicians, newspaper editors, doctors, and officers. They were also usually Confederate veterans, the upper part of antebellum society. Its organizational structure had less unusual names than did the KKK: Members were called Brothers and Knights, and its officials Commanders. After a Republican paper published its rituals, passwords and signals in late 1868, the organization discussed changes. It began to decline, despite a convention in 1869. The more aggressive people joined the White League or similar paramilitary organizations that organized in the mid-1870s. By 1870 the Knights of the White Camellia had mostly ceased to exist. In the 1990s, a Klan group based in East Texas adopted the name. **Maschler** [|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia**]
 * 269. Knights of the White Camelia:**

A derogatory term coined by Native Americans to address white people. **KW**
 * 270. Pale Faces:**
 * []**

http://www.enotes.com/major-acts-congress/force-act
 * 271. Force Acts (1870-1871):**  T he Force Act of 1871 provided for federal scrutiny of congressional elections. The act, passed during the Ulysses S. Grant administration, was intended to prevent election fraud in Southern states during the Reconstruction era. The Force Act was sandwiched between the Enforcement Act of 1870, which established criminal penalties for interfering with an election, and the Enforcement Act of 1871, which permitted the suspension of habeas corpus. Intended to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment, the Force Act of 1871 was described as "an Act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United States to vote in the several states of this union." If a town or city had "upward of twenty thousand inhabitants," any two citizens of that town who wished to have an election "guarded and scrutinized" could request the regional U.S. Circuit Court to oversee it. In such cases the court was instructed to choose two bipartisan supervisors, who, under the court's protection, could regulate the election. The three acts are sometimes referred to collectively as the Enforcement Acts or the Force Acts.
 * Patterson**

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/641929/Whiskey-Ring
 * 272. Whiskey Ring:** group of whiskey distillers (dissolved in 1875) who conspired to defraud the federal government of taxes. Operating mainly in St. Louis, Mo., Milwaukee, Wis., and Chicago, Ill., the Whiskey Ring bribed Internal Revenue officials and accomplices in Washington in order to keep liquor taxes for themselves. Benjamin H . Bristow, secretary of the Treasury, organized a  secret investigation that exposed the ring and resulted in 238 indictments and 110 convictions. Allegations that the illegally held tax money was to be used in the Republican Party’s national campaign for the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant aroused the public. Though Grant was not suspected, his private secretary, Orville E. Babcock, was indicted in the conspiracy but was acquitted after Grant testified to his innocence.
 * Patterson**

William Worth Belknap was born in 1829 in Newburgh, New York. He graduated from Princeton College in 1848, studied law at Georgetown University, was admitted to the bar in 1851, and then began a law practice in Iowa. In 1856, Belknap was elected to the Iowa state legislature, where he served as an antislavery Democrat for one two-year term. With the coming of the Civil War, Belknap fought as a major in the Fifteenth Iowa Infantry and saw action at Shiloh, Corinth, and Vicksburg. By 1864, he had been promoted to brigadier general, working closely with General William Tecumseh Sherman. At war’s end, Belknap headed home to Iowa, where he served as the state’s collector of internal revenue (1865-1869). President Ulysses S. Grant asked Belknap to become his secretary of war in 1869. Belknap took over the war portfolio from William Tecumseh Sherman, who had been acting informally as secretary of the War Department. Seven years later, Belknap resigned his post amidst accusations of corruption. Though the House of Representatives voted articles of impeachment against him, he was tried and acquitted by the Senate. William Worth Belknap died in 1890. **KW**
 * 273. Secretary of War William Belknap:**
 * []**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley
 * 274. Horace Greeley:** American newspaper editor, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, a reformer, and a politician. His //New York Tribune// was America's most influential newspaper from the 1840s to the 1870s and "established Greeley's reputation as the greatest editor of his day." Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as opposition to slavery and a host of reforms ranging from vegetarianism to socialism. Crusading against the corruption of Ulysses S. Grant's Republican administration, he was the new Liberal Republican Party's candidate in the 1872 U.S. presidential election. Despite having the additional support of the Democratic Party, he lost in a landslide. He is currently the only presidential candidate to have died prior to the counting of electoral votes.
 * Patterson**


 * 275. President Ulysses S. Grant:** Ulysses S. Grant was born on April 27th, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio. Grant began his term as the 18th President of the United States in 1869 and was reelected in 1972. He also led the Union Army to victory against the Confederate military. Ulysses S. Grant was a soldier and attended the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1843. He went on to fight in the Mexican American War and served as a military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. Though Grant received much Republican support in the North because of his military accomplishments, his reputation was ruined during his presidency when he was accused of corruption and engaging in scandalous behavior. In addition, his lack of response to the Panic of 1873 during his presidency further marred his reputation. **[]** **Mediavilla**


 * 276. Election of 1876:** one of the most disputed and controversial presidential elections in American history.Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These twenty electoral votes were in dispute in three states: (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina); each party reported its candidate had won the state, while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal (as an "elected or appointed official") and replaced. The twenty disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory.

It is generally believed that an informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877. In return for the Democrats' acquiescence in Hayes's election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. The Compromise effectively ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876 **Patterson**


 * 277. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes:** Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the US, from 1877 to 1881. During his presidency, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that would lead to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.**- Celia O'Flaherty**


 * 278. Governor Samuel J. Tilden:** Samuel Jones Tilden was the Democratic candidate for the United States presidency in the election of 1876, one of the most controversial American elections of the 1800s. He was a Bourbon Democrat and public reformer who fought to keep taxes low, worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall.**- O'Flaherty**


 * 279. Compromise of 1877:** The Compromise of 1877 refers to an informal and unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 US Presidential election and ended Congressional ("Radical") Reconstruction, where Republican Rutherford Hayes became president instead of Democrat Samuel Tilden. Hayes was chosen on the understanding that he would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Caroline, Florida and Louisiana. However, Ulysses S. Grant, the incumbent president, removed the soldiers from Florida before Hayes removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many Republicans also left (or became Democrats) and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control.**- Celia O'Flaherty**


 * 280. Laissez Faire:** Laissez Faire describes an environment in which transactions between private parties are free from state intervention, including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies.**- Celia O'Flaherty**


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