PG+10

This term was created to loosely describe four linked groups of investors. These included Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence. Based out of Boston, Massachusetts, these investors would take capital earned from their textile mills in the north and south and invest in railroads. These railroads would then help transport the goods from warehouses to factories. The Boston Associates also established banks and invested in others. The investors eventually controlled 40% of the banking captial in Boston, 40% of insurance capital in Massachusetts, and and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Many New Englanders were employed by these investors, working in any of the mills they owned. [|The Boston Associates] //Feuerborn//
 * 136**. **Boston Associates:**

was a leading American statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of New England shipping interests. His increasingly nationalistic views and the effectiveness with which he articulated them led Webster to become one of the most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System. As a leader of the Whig Party, he was one of the nation's most prominent conservatives, leading opposition to Democrat Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party. He was a spokesman for modernization, banking and industry. He was an acknowledged elitist. During his forty years in national politics Webster served in the House of Representatives for ten years (representing New Hampshire), the Senate for nineteen years (representing Massachusetts), and served as Secretary of State for three presidents. Daniel Webster was one of the most successful lawyers of the era, appearing in several key Supreme Court cases that established important constitutional precedents that bolstered the authority of the federal government. As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that established the definitive eastern border between the United States and Canada. Primarily recognized for his Senate tenure, Webster was a key figure in the institution's "Golden days". So well-known was his skill as a Senator throughout this period that Webster became the northern member of a trio known as the "Great Triumvirate", with his colleagues Henry Clay from the west and John C. Calhoun from the south. His "Reply to Hayne" in 1830 was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress." As with his fellow Whig Henry Clay, Webster's desire to see the Union preserved and civil war averted led him to search out compromises designed to stave off the sectionalism that threatened war between the North and South. Webster tried and failed three times for the White House. Webster was widely esteemed and was officially named by the U.S. Senate in 1957 as one of its five most outstanding members. ROW []
 * 137**. **Daniel Webster:**

one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government. Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River. It crossed the Allegheny Mountains and southwestern Pennsylvania, reaching Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) on the Ohio River in 1818. Plans were made to continue through St. Louis, Missouri, on the Mississippi River to Jefferson City, Missouri, but funding ran out and construction stopped at Vandalia, Illinois in 1839. ROW []
 * 138. National Road:**

is a waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. First proposed in 1807, it was under construction from 1817 to 1825 and officially opened on October 26, 1825. It was the first transportation system between the eastern seaboard (New York City) and the western interior (Great Lakes) of the United States that did not require portage, was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal fostered a population surge in western New York state, opened regions farther west to settlement, and helped New York City become the chief U.S. port. It was enlarged between 1834 and 1862. In 1918, the enlarged canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal. ROW []
 * 139. Erie Canal:**

In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives. The previous few years had seen a one-party government in the United States, as the Federalist Party had dissolved, leaving only the Democratic-Republican Party. In this election, the Democratic-Republican Party splintered as four separate candidates sought the presidency. Such splintering had not yet led to formal party organization, but later the faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the Democratic Party, while the factions led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and later the Whig Party. ROW []
 * 140. Election of 1824:**

This term refers to the presidential election of 1824 and a corrput deal or baragain that was formed in the process. Since no candidate had received the majority of the Presidential Electoral votes, it was then up to the House of Representatives to decide whether John Qunicy Adams or Andrew Jackson should become president. It was assumed that Henry Clay being the Speaker of the House and in close relations with John Quincy Adams that Clay was the one who convince Congress to elect Adams. This deal also makes sense because Clay was appointed to Adams' Secretary of State, another reason why it's possible Clay did some convincing. So, many supporters of Jackson called this deal a "corrupt bargain." [|Corrupt Bargain] //Feuerborn// media type="custom" key="7568393"
 * 141. Corrupt Bargain:**

The Tariff of 1828, was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828 designed to protect industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy and led to the Nullification Crisis.
 * 142. Tariff of Abominations:**

The goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The South, however, was harmed firstly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and secondly because reducing the importation of British goods made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South. The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, would lead to the Nullification Crisis that began in late 1832. ROW []

This man was an outstanding Southern Leader of his time. He served in the state legislature and in 1811 he went to Washington as a Congressman. Calhoun was a prominent War Hawk and took a strong nationalist position on all the issues of the day, including land and banking policies, and slavery. In 1817 he was made Secretary of War by President Monroe. Calhoun was devoted to the South and all it's institutions and took the broadest view possible when it came to political affairs. Overall, the man was intelligent and bookish. [|Garraty Chapter 7] //Feuerborn//
 * 143. John Calhoun:**

The purpose of this document was to protest the Tariff of 1828. The tariff was meant to protect industries in the northern states which were going out of business by low-priced imported goods. The solution was to tax these goods which in turn caused the southerners to pay more for the products. Frustrated, John C. Calhoun, Vice President under Andrew Jackson, wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828 stating that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede from the Union. The document was presented to the South Carolina State of Representatives on December 19th, 1828, however, the legislature took no action on the matter. Later in 1832, Calhoun voiced his opinion to the public but ended up resigning the same year because of Andrew Jackson's continuing support for the tariff. [] [] RM's baby
 * 144. South Carolina Exposition and Protest/Nullification:**

pg. 237-238, 256 Brinkley Text
 * 145. Age of the Common Man:** Jackson fought for the rights of the common man, like Jefferson. He opposed the federal government who gave power and entrenched existing patterns of wealth and power in the East. He worked to destroy the Bank of the United States which he **bel**ieved to be a corrupt vehicle of aristocratic influence on the country. He believed in offering "equal protection and equal benefits" to all white male citizens and favor no region or class over another. MHODES

pg. 237-238 pg. 246 and 256 Brinkley Text MHODES
 * 146. Jacksonian Democracy: In** the late 1820s, Andrew Jackson's followers referred to themselves as Democrats (no longer Democratic-Republicans) and became the nation's oldest political party. The Whigs opposed Jackson and the Democrats.He believed in a simple, not clear or uniform position on democracy. He believed democracy as "equal protection and equal benefits" to all it white male citizens with no favor over class or state.This meant opposition to eastern aristocracy that extended opportunities to the rising classes of the West and South. I also meant a commitment to demeaning subjugation of African Americans and Indians to preserve their white-male democracy. Jackson used the spoils system and the political convention to limit power of permanent officeholders and exclusive party caucus whom he could not dismiss as president. The bank war resulted in Jackson winning this political victory, but was left with an unstable banking system that would hinder the economy for over a century.
 * Andrew Jackson was quite willing to use federal power against rebellious states and Indian tribes. **The most** celebrated episode of his presidency was the war against the Bank of the United States. Jackson was opposed to federal power and aristocratic privilege**.**
 * He was a fierce defender of his region, the West and a sharp critic of the East. He worked to destroy the Bank of the United States and sought to limit federal government power because he feared it would encourage patterns of wealth and power that already existed.

In the United States, a spoils system refers to a practice where a political party gives government jobs to all its voters and supporters after the election, as an incentive to keep up their work for the party. This term first came about after Andrew Jackson's election in 1828. Part of the reason why Jackson won the election was because he promised all his supporters positions in return for political support. When 919 government officials were removed from their positions, it was clear that this turnover was not for reform, but political loyalty to Jackson. Presidents after Jackson continued to run the spoils system to gain more support, but by the 1860s, reformers had had enough and demanded for a civil service system. [|Spoils System] //Feuerborn// //[]// http://www.cfr.org/publication/15640/caucus_system_in_the_us_presidential_nominating_process.html#p4
 * 147. Spoils System:**
 * 148. Caucus System: Party** caucuses were meetings of party leaders in which the citizens was not allowed to hear. In the 1820s, Andrew Jackson and other reformers wanted to end the practice in which members of Congress basically chose the political party nominees. **This** practice was called "King Caucus". After the political convention in the 1830s, caucuses were limited to insiders of party organizations**, and were the only ones who even knew about the candidates.**

In 1824, "King Caucus" was overthrown, before then presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress. In 1824, Republican caucus nominated William. H. Crawford and other candidates received nominations from state legislatures and won endorsements from irregular mass meetings throughout the country, including Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams the sixth president. Brinkley Chapter eight pg. 228 MHODES


 * 149. Kitchen Cabinet:** The **Kitchen Cabinet** was a term used by political opponen ts of President of the United States Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisers he consulted in parallel to the U.S. Cabinet (the "parlor cabinet") following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice President John C. Calhoun in 1831.

In an unprecedented dismissal of five of the eight Cabinet officials in the middle of his first term, Jackson dismissed Calhoun's allies as well as his own supporters, Secretary of State Martion Van Buren and Secretary of War John Eaton. However, Jackson retained Van Buren in Washington as the minister to Great Britain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet Patterson

Brinkley Chapter 9 pg 243-244
 * 150. Indian Removal:** There were agrarian tribes remaining in the south, called the "Five Civilized Tribes" (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw). The southern states had been pushing for their removal, especially Georgia. In 1830, Congress passed the Removal Act (with Jackson's approval) which "appropriated money to finance federal negotiations with the southern tribes aimed at relocating them to the West.". Nearly a hundred treaties were sent to the remaining tribes**,** in which the weak tribes pressured by state and federal governments, ceded land in return for payments. **The Cherokee** resisted in Georgia by appealing to the Supreme Court. Marshall made a decision to support the Cherokee Nation, to express hostility towards the president, but his decision was not enforced. In 1835, federal government extracted a treaty from a faction of Cherokee not part of Cherokee nation representatives, who ceded their land for $5 million and a reservation in the West. 17000 Cherokee refused to leave because they considered it illegitimate. Jackson sent General Winfield Scott's army to forcibly remove the Cherokee to "Indian Territory" known as Oklahoma. 1000 were able to flee to North Carolina, but the rest were forced to go on what we know as the "Trail of Tears" beginning in the winter of 1838. Eighth or more of the tribe died on their way to unfamiliar lands they did not know how to cultivate or live on. Between 1830 and 1838 all the "Five Civilized Tribes" were expelled to the Indian Territory, officially created by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834. MHODES

**PG 11**