PG+18

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/gilded/jb_gilded_subj.html
 * 281: Gilded Age:** This was a period in American History, defined by a wave of immigrants, increased production of iron, steel, lumber, gold and silver, improved transportation and a demand for oil. As a result, many Americans became very wealthy- some of whom became very famous, such as John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. - O'Flaherty

http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/bios/14.html
 * 282: William Graham Sumner:** Sumner was most well known for his teaching skill at Yale University. After graduating from Yale in 1864, he became a Protestant/ Episcopal priest, but then left the ministry to return to Yale as a professor of political and social science. He became popular for his provocative ideas, rigorous intellectual standards and staunch moral conviction. He taught at Yale for 40 years.- O'Flaherty

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004367/eh4.shtml
 * 283: Social Darwinism:** a belief that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be left to die. Herbert Spencer was the founder and chief supporter of this theory. He believed this was not only naturally correct, but morally correct also.- O'Flaherty

Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837– June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, free silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans. His battles for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives. His second term coincided with the Panic of 1893, a severe national depression that Cleveland was unable to reverse. It ruined his Democratic party, opening the way for Republican landslides in 1894 and 1896. Cleveland took strong positions and in turn took heavy criticism. His intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions nationwide and angered the party in Illinois; his support of the gold standard and opposition to free silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party. Furthermore, critics complained that he had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for honesty and good character survived the troubles of his second term. **Maschler** []
 * 284: Grover Cleveland:**

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison
 * 285: Benjamin Harrison:** Benjamin Harrison was the Republican representative of the Presidential election of 1888. Although Harrison received 100,000 fewer popular votes than Cleveland, he carried the Electoral College 233 to 168 and became the 23rd President of the US. He is most remembered for economic legislation, including the McKlinly Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act, and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time. He served only 1 term as the president.- O'Flaherty

http://elections.harpweek.com/Campaigning-1.htm
 * 286:The "bloody shirt":** After the Civil War, in every presidential election into the 1880s, Republicans would "wave the bloody shirt," or associate the Democratic party with secession and opposition to the Union war effort. Horatio Seymour, the 1868 Democratic presidential nominee, was an especial target of the "bloody shirt" because while New York governor in 1863 he had addressed the New York City draft rioters as "My friends." - O'Flaherty

William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843– September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States (1897-1901). By the 1880s, McKinley was a national Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. His campaign, designed by Mark Hanna, introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices and beat back the crusading of his arch-rival, William Jennings Bryan. In the presidency, he demanded that Spain end its atrocities in Cuba, which were outraging public opinion; Spain resisted the interference and the Spanish-American War became inevitable in 1898. The war was fast and easy, as the weak Spanish fleets were sunk and both Cuba and the Philippines were captured in 90 days. As a result of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were annexed by the United States as unincorporated territories, and Cuba was subjected to United States occupation. McKinley also annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, with all its residents becoming full American citizens. McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz, in 1901, and succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. **Maschler** []
 * 287: William McKinley:**

Log rolling is the exchange of support or favors, especially by legislators for mutual political gain as by voting for each other's bills. It is also the "cross quoting" of papers by academics in order to drive up reference counts. **KW**
 * 288: log rolling:**
 * []**

The term ‘‘Bourbon’’ was once used to describe Democratic leaders who succeeded Republican Radicals and Carpetbaggers in Southern state governments in the years following the Civil War. The reference was not to corn whiskey but to the Bourbon kings of France, who, it was claimed, had learned nothing from the long and bitter years of the French Revolution and had instead endeavored to return to the practices that had produced the upheaval. In its Southern context, the term implied that the Democrats had learned nothing from the Civil War and were intent upon reclaiming political power, preventing blacks from voting and holding public office, maintaining white supremacy and white unity, and erasing every accomplishment of Reconstruction governments. **KW**
 * 289: "Bourbon" Democrats:**
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Public reaction to the assassination of President Garfield forced Congress to pass the Civil Service Reform Act. The law established a three-person, bi-partisan panel to develop exams to hire federal employees based on merit. The act initially covered 10% of federal employees, but became the basis for most of the Civil Service of today. Reformers had long been calling for an end to the "spoils system" in civil service appointments. However, the assassination of President Garfield provided the needed push to make the change. President Arthur, who himself had been a product of the spoils system, surprised his critics by becoming a vocal supporter of the reform. A bi-partisan, three-person commission was created to oversee the newly-established Civil Service System. Arthur appointed three individuals long identified with civil service reform to serve as its commissioners. The new law called for open competitive exams for all jobs classified as civil service jobs. **KW**
 * 290: Pendleton Act:**
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Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. The term derives from the Latin //patrons//, the formal relationship between a //Patronus// and his //Cliens//. In some countries the term is used to describe political patronage, which is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support**.** As well, the term may refer to a type of corruption or favoritism in which a party in power rewards groups, families, ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal gifts or fraudulently-awarded appointments or government contracts. **KW**
 * 291: patronage:**
 * []**

Poll taxes enacted in Southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting. This tax was placed on every adult in the community and it provided a large source of invome for goverments during the 1880s. However, in 1964, the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution disallowed the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. In 1966 this prohibition was extended to all elections by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that such a tax violated the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. **Mediavilla** [] - Page 5 []
 * 292: Poll taxes:**

Literacy tests were another measure that was taken in the South to prevent African Americans from voting. Several states enforced literacy tests as a voting requirement. However, states provided loopholes for illiterate whites. One such loophole was the "understanding" clause where illiterate whites simply had to explain the meaning of a section of the state constitution. Coincidentally, all blacks who took these tests were failed. **Mediavilla** [] - Page 5
 * 293: Literacy tests:**

//Source: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html//
 * 294: Plessy v. Ferguson:** Plessy vs. Ferguson was a court case in 1896 where Homer Adolph Plessy, a man who was 1/8 black, sat in the white section of a train car. Plessy identified himself as a black in order to test the laws society had put in place regarding blacks and whites "separate, but equal." The Supreme Court heard the case, but Plessy lost. The Supreme Court decided it was constitutional to divide people based on their race as long as the facilities for both races were equal. This "separate but equal" doctrine quickly spread to various areas of life including restrooms, water fountains, restaurants, and public schools. This doctrine remained in place until the 1954 court case Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education.
 * BARTON**

Booker T. Washington was born as a slave in Virginia. Washington was a supporter of the "racial uplift" theory. This view proposed that Southern blacks should respect and value the need for industrial education. Ultimately, Washinton believed that black conditions would increase if they received an education in a particular trade, which was rejected by most blacks at the time. Whites favored Washingtons theory and he soon became the first black man to go to the White House. **Mediavilla**
 * 295: Booker T. Washington:**

The Atlanta Compromise was a view expressed in Booker T. Washington's speech at Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta Georgia, on September 18, 1895. In this, Washington encouraged blacks to strive solely for an education in an industrial trade, instead of working to maintain higher education or political office. He believed that this specific form of education gave blacks more economic security and advantages. **Mediavilla** []
 * 296: Atlanta Compromise:**

Tuskegee University is a private, historically black university located in Tuskegee, Alabama, United States. It is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund. The campus has been designated as the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark. The school was the dream of Lewis Adams, formerly enslaved, and George W. Campbell, a former slaveholder. Adams could read, write and speak several languages despite having no formal education. He was an experienced tinsmith, harness-maker and shoemaker and Prince Hall Freemason, an acknowledged leader of the African-American community in Macon County, Alabama. **KW**
 * 297: Tuskegee Institute:**
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1. due to the loss of political power by the blacks at the end of the reconstruction period 2. land speculators circulated alluring reports and the promise of “forty acres and a mule” was too tempting 3. ailure of cotton crop and discontent with the price for it (considered the biggest cause) 4. influence of North and West blacks in their letters to friends and relatives in the South The exodusters created small towns and farm steads. Although only about 1/3 of the exodusters made a living off their own farm steads, the freed blacks were able to make a stronger life for themselves with the help of English Quakers. The exodusters built schools, churches, and small businesses in their small towns. //Source: http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/seven/theexodust.htm, http://www.legendsofkansas.com/exodusters.html //
 * 298: Exodusters:** The exodusters were a group of Southern freed blacks who migrated to Kansas in 1879-1880 believing Kansas was their promised land and would give them new opportunities. Led by Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, more than 15,000 blacks fled to Kansas with the hope of new land and better crops. There are various theories for the "exodus":
 * BARTON **

The Burlingame Treaty between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin of 1858 and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. The treaty recognized China's right of eminent domain over all of its territory; gave China the right to appoint consuls at ports in the United States, "who shall enjoy the same privileges and immunities as those enjoyed by the consuls of Great Britain and Russia"; provided that "citizens of the United States in China of every religious persuasion and Chinese subjects in the United States shall enjoy entire liberty of conscience and shall be exempt from all disability or persecution on account of their religious faith or worship in either country"; and granted certain privileges to citizens of either country residing in the other, the privilege of naturalization, however, being specifically withheld. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act. **Maschler** []
 * 299: Burlingame Treaty of 1868:**

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 8, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. This law was repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943. **Maschler** []
 * 300: Chinese Exclusion Act 1882:**

**PG 19**