PG+14

was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a ' slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. //__McKeon__// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850
 * 201. Fugitive Slave Act:**

(June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel //Uncle Tom's Cabin// (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day. __//McKeon//__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe
 * 202. Harriet Beecher Stowe:**

//Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly// is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman. __//McKeon//__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin
 * 203. Uncle Tom's Cabin:**

"Young America" was an American political and cultural attitude in the mid-nineteenth century that became a faction of the Democratic Party in the 1850's, which was led by Stephen Douglas, James K. Polk and Franklin Pierce. This new spirit broke away from the agraian life of the past and advocated free trade, social reform, expansion southward into the territories, and support for republican, nati-aristocratic movements abroad. "Young America," due to economic policy, saw the necessity of a modern infrastructure with railroads, canals, telegraphs, turnpikes, and harbors. They also called for Congressional land grants to the states, and claimed that modernization would perpetuate the agrarian vision of Jeffersonian Democracy by allowing yeomen farmers to sell their products and therefore to prosper. The "Young America" spirit also led to the confidence that democracy would triumph everywhere, especially with the idea of Manfest Destiny. Many foreign affairs were handled during this time including the treaty for Anglo American control of any future canal across Central America, the Ostend Manifesto and the idea of taking Cuba with force from Spain, and the successful establishment of diplomatic relations with Japan by Townsend Harris. [] and Garraty __MJones__
 * 204. Young America:**

The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was a treaty between the US and the UK negotiated in 1850. The treaty had four essential points. Both parties were forbidden to obtain or maintain exclusive control of the proposed canal or using it more than the other. It guaranteed the neutralization of the canal. Both countries were to extend protections to other communications across the isthmus, and were not to occupy or assume dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica,the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America. __[]__ –Bulwer_Treaty - CROWE
 * 205. Clayton - Bulwer Treaty:**

(November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869), an American politician and lawyer, was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. He is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. Later, Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general. His private law practice in his home state, New Hampshire, was so successful that he was offered several important positions, which he turned down. Later, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. In the presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King won by a landslide in the Electoral College. They defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham by a 50% to 44% margin in the popular vote and 254 to 42 in the electoral vote. As president, he made many divisive decisions which were widely criticized and earned him a reputation as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and renewed the debate over expanding slavery in the West. Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto. //__McKeon__// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce
 * 206. Franklin Pierce:**

Pierre Soule was a US politician and diplomat from Louisiana.He served in the Senate as a Democrat in 1847-1853. After this he became the U.S. Minister to Spain. He is best known for his role in the composition of the Ostend Manifesto, written in 1854. The manifesto was part of an attempt to annex Cuba for the United States. The Manifesto was generally shot down especially by anti-slavery parties. -CROWE __[]__ é
 * 207. Pierre Soule:**

The Ostend Manifesto was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain and implied the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. expansionists, particularly as the U.S. set its sights southward following the admission of California to the Union. However, diplomatically, the country had been content to see the island remain in Spanish hands so long as it did not pass to a stronger power such as Britain or France. A product of the debates over slavery in the United States, Manifest Destiny, and the Monroe Doctrine, the Ostend Manifesto proposed a shift in foreign policy, justifying the use of force to seize Cuba in the name of national security. __//McKeon//__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto
 * 208. Ostend Manifesto:**

Commodore Matthew Perry was a Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japaneese ports to the west in the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. He looked into occupying Formosa (modern day Taiwan). This would have been an easily defensible location which had potential for coal mining and a convenient mid-way point between the US and Japan, which would help the US to counter European monopolization of major trade routes. President Franklin Pierce declined his suggestions. -CROWE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry#The_Perry_Expedition:_Opening_of_Japan.2C_1852-1854
 * 209. Commodore Matthew Perry:**

Townsend Harris was a sucessful New Youk City merchant and minor politician and became the first US consul General to Japan in 1853. He formed the Harris Treaty or the Treaty of Peace and Commerce between the US and Japan after 18 months of negotiations and is responsible for first opening Japan to foreign trade. -CROWE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_Harris#In_Japan
 * 210. Townsend Harris:**

Stephen Douglas was an American politician from Illinois. He was the Northern Democratic Party’s nominee for President in 1860 and lost to Republican, Abraham Lincoln. He had a famous series of debates with Lincoln and was nicknamed the Little Giant due to his short stature and impressive skill in politics. He was first nominated to the Senate in the 1850s and played an enormous part in the compromise of 1850. In 1854 he reopened the slavery debate with the Kansas-Nebraska Act and was a supporter of popular sovereignty on the question of slavery in the territories. He supported the Dred Scot Supreme Court decision of 1857. -CROWE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas
 * 211. Senator Stephen A. Douglas:**

Lewis Cass was an American military officer and politician. He served as the governor of the Michigan Territory from 1813 to 1831. and served in the War of 1812. In August 1831 he resigned as governor of Michigan and became the Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson. He was key to implementing the Indian Removal. In the 1844 Democratic convention, he was a candidate for the presidential election. He lost the ballod to James K. Polk. He then represented Michigan in the Senate from 1845 to 1848. In 1848 he ran for president, and was a strong supporter of Popular Sovereignty and the annexation og Texas. He lost to Taylor and returned to the Senate from 1849 to 1857. From 1857 to 1860 he served as Secretary of State under Buchanan. He resigned in 1860 because Buchanan didn't protect federal interests in the South and didn't mobilize the military. He died in 1866. //__Messerli__// //__[]__//
 * 212. Lewis Cass:**

(A pril 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) He was the 15th President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He is the only president from Pennsylvania and the only president who was a life-long bachelor. Buchanan was a popular and experienced state politician and a very successful attorney before his presidency. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate. He also was Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After unsuccessfully seeking the Democratic presidential nomination in 1844, 1848, and 1852, "Old Buck" was nominated in the election of 1856. Throughout most of Franklin Pierce's term he was stationed in London as a Minister to England and therefore was not caught up in the crossfire of sectional politics that dominated the country. As President, he was often called a “doughface”, a Northerner with Southern sympathies, who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. During office, the Southern states declared their secession from the other states.By the time he left office, popular opinion had turned against him, and the Democratic Party had split in two. [] Maschler
 * 213. James Buchanan:**

Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army," he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history. Over the course of his forty-seven-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the Civil War. He served as Commanding General of the United States Army for twenty years, longer than any other holder of the office. He also served as military governor of Mexico City. Scott lost to Democrat Franklin Pierce in the general election in 1852, but remained a popular national figure, receiving a promotion in 1856 to the rank of lieutenant general becoming the first American since George Washington to hold that rank. [] Maschler
 * 214. General Winfield Scott:**

The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to create opportunities for a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. It became problematic when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal. The act was designed by Stephan A. Douglas, senator of Illinois. The act established that settlers could vote to decide whether to allow slavery. Douglas hoped that would ease relations between the North and the South, because the South could expand slavery to new territories but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in its states. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a concession to the slave power of the South. The new Republican Party, which was created in opposition to the act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North. [] Maschler
 * 215. Kansas - Nebraska Act:**

Jefferson Davis was an American statesmen and leader of the Confederacy during the Civil War. He fought in the American-Mexican war under Pierce and served as a Senator of Mississippi. He also served as the Secretary of War for Pierce. When the Pierce administration fell he rejoined the Senate in 1857. He resigned in 1861 and became the president of the Confederate States of America. He commanded during the war but was not able to stand up againt the organized Union. On May 10, 1865, he was captured in Georgia and was held prisoner for two years in Virginia. He was charged with treason but his bail was paid soon after. He lost the right to run for public office, but his reputation in the South was restored and he was recognized as a Civil War hero in the South. __//Messerli//__ __//[]//__ William L. Marcy was a Democratic American statesman and served as general in the War of 1812. In 1831 he was elected Senator of New York and served for two years. He became governor of New York for three terms, from 1833 to 1838. From 1845 to 1849 he served as Secretary of War under Polk, during which he resumed practicing law. In 1853 he became Secretary of State under Pierce. He died in 1857. __//Messerli//__ __//[]//__ Henry Box Brown was a Virginian slave who escaped to freedom with the help of Philadelphia abolitionists. He was mailed to Philadelphia in a wooden crate, beginning on March 23, 1849. Members of the Vigilance Committee received him 27 hours later. He became a speaker for the Anti-Slavery Society and got the name "Box" during the 1849 antislavery convention. He was forced to move to England after the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and was on the British show circuit for 25 year. He left his first wife and children in slavery and remarried a British woman. in 1857 he returned to America and was known for his family magic act. __//Messerli//__ __//[]//__ Anthony Burns (31 May 1834 – 17 July 1862) was born a slave in Stafford County, Virginia. As a young man, he became a Baptist and a "slave preacher". 1850 would prove a vital year in Burns' life because of the passage of the new Fugitive Slave Act that required states to cooperate in returning escaped slaves to their masters, even if recaptured in northern states that had abolished slavery. Burns was affected by the law after he became a fugitive in Massachusetts. He was captured and tried under the law in Boston, in a case that generated national publicity, large demonstrations, protests and an attack on US Marshals at the courthouse. Federal troops were used to ensure Burns was transported to a ship for return to Virginia after the trial. He was eventually ransomed from slavery, with his freedom purchased by Boston sympathizers. __//McKeon//__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burns
 * 216. Jefferson Davis:**
 * 217. William L. Marcy:**
 * 218. Henry Box Brown:**
 * 219. Anthony Burns:**

The Know Nothing movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Anglo- Saxo Protestants values and controlled by the pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant males of British lineage over the age of twenty-one. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery.
 * 220. American or "Know Nothing" Party:**

The movement originated in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party. It spread to other states as the Native American Party and became a national party in 1845. In 1855 it renamed itself the American Party. The origin of the "Know Nothing" term was in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, "I know nothing."

Maschler [] **PG 15**